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    Chimpanzee

    The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their social life， the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents about as far a departure from the baboon type of organization  as one can find among the higher primates， and serves to  emphasize  the  great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons， or rather they jibe better with  the way we like to  picture  ourselves， as free-wheeling individuals who tend  to  be unpredictable， do not take  readily to any form of regimentation，  and  are frequently  charming.（Charm is relatively rare among baboons.） Two researchers have described what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their natural habitat the forest："We were quite surprised to observe that there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no 'family' or 'harem' organization； neither is there a 'troop'   organization - that is to say， no  particular chimpanzees keep  permanently together. On the  contrary， individuals move about at will， alone or in small groups best described as bands， which sometimes form into large aggregations. They leave their associates if they want to， and join up with new ones without conflict. " The general  practice  is   best   described  as  "easy  come，  easy   go"，   although  there  are  certain group-forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band： adult males only； mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other females； adults and adolescents of both sexes， but no mothers with young and representatives of all categories mixed together. The  composition  of  bands  may  change  a  number  of  times  during  the    course  of  a  day as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups. On the other hand， certain individuals prefer one another's company. One of the researchers observed that four males often roamed  together    over  a four-month  period，  and  mothers  often  associated  with  their  older offsprings.

    全文翻譯：黑猩猩

    黑猩猩比較突出的一個(gè)特征是它們社會(huì)生活的靈活性，即缺乏固定的組織形式。  它的這 一特征與狒狒的那種組織形態(tài)間的差別，在靈長動(dòng)物中比較為突出。  由此可見靈長類動(dòng)物中 適應(yīng)性變化的多樣性。  黑猩猩比狒狒更接近人類，或者說它與我們心愿的自我形象更為接近：自由自在，不落窠臼，不喜歡任何形式的約束并且往往魅力十足（在狒狒中魅力比較罕 見）。 通過在黑猩猩的自然棲息地森林中對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了8月的觀察，兩名研究人員得出這樣結(jié)論："我們注意到在黑猩猩的社會(huì)中似乎沒有任何一種獨(dú)立的社會(huì)基本單位，這一點(diǎn)令 我們很吃驚。

    它們不僅沒有'家庭'或'妻妾'組織，也沒有'團(tuán)隊(duì)'組織，也就是說黑猩猩沒有固 定地生活在一起。  相反，每只黑猩猩隨意流動(dòng)，或是獨(dú)自一人，或是作為比較好稱之為團(tuán)伙 的一員。 團(tuán)伙有時(shí)會(huì)與其它團(tuán)伙合并成大的聚合體。 它們可以隨意離開同伴，并與其它黑猩猩組成新的團(tuán)伙而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何糾紛。"把黑猩猩這一總的特性稱之為"來得容易去得快" 是比較恰當(dāng)不過了。  但它們也有一定的群體傾向性。通常，黑猩猩群的構(gòu)成有以下 4 種：僅 有成年雄性； 母猩猩及其子女而且偶爾有幾只其它的雌性猩猩； 雄性和雌性的成年和未成 年黑猩猩但不包括有子女的雌性黑猩猩； 以及各種類型混雜在一起。 一天之中一個(gè)團(tuán)伙的 組成可能變化好幾次，因?yàn)橛械某蓡T可能離開，而且群體可能會(huì)與其它群體合并。  另一方 面，有些黑猩猩有自己喜歡的伙伴。一名研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)四只雄性黑猩猩在 4 個(gè)月中常常共 同游蕩，還有母親們常與她們較年長的子女們?cè)谝黄稹?/p>