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    Botany

    Botany， the study of plants， occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For  many  thousands  of    years  it  was  the  one  field  of  awareness  about  which  humans  had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants， but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist a detailed  learning  of plants and their  properties  must be  extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food， but also for clothing， weapons， tools， dyes， medicines， shelter， and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in  the  jungles of the Amazon recognize  literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them， botany， as such， has  no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge"at all. Unfortunately， the more industrialized we become the farther away we  move from direct contact with plants， and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously  on  an  amazing  amount  of  botanical knowledge，  and  few  people  will  fail  to recognize a rose， an apple， or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors， living in the Middle East about 10， 000 years ago，  discovered that  certain grasses could  be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields  the next season the first  great step in  a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and  from them flowed the marvel of agriculture： cultivated crops. From then on， humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants， rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild - and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

    全文翻譯：植物學(xué)

    植物學(xué)，即對(duì)植物的研究，在人類(lèi)知識(shí)的歷史中占據(jù)了特殊的地位。  這是人類(lèi)幾千年 來(lái)超越模糊的認(rèn)知而真正有所了解的領(lǐng)域之一。  我們今天不可能知道新石器時(shí)代的祖先們 對(duì)植物到底了解多少，但我們?cè)谥两袢源嬖诘那肮�業(yè)化社會(huì)觀(guān)察到：人類(lèi)對(duì)植物及其特性的 詳細(xì)了解應(yīng)該是非常古老的。

    這是理所當(dāng)然的。 植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔 的基礎(chǔ)。  它們對(duì)人們的生活至關(guān)重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、 藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。  至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實(shí)能夠辨識(shí) 幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。  對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，植物學(xué)沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的名稱(chēng)，甚至可能根 本未被認(rèn)為是一種專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)。  不幸的是，工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越遠(yuǎn)，我們的植物學(xué)知識(shí)的增加也就越微不足道。  然而每個(gè)人在不知不覺(jué)中擁有大量的植物 學(xué)知識(shí)，很少有人認(rèn)不出玫瑰、蘋(píng)果或蘭花。

    大約一萬(wàn)年前居住在中東的新時(shí)代的祖先們 發(fā)現(xiàn)某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會(huì)收獲更多時(shí)，人類(lèi)就邁出了人和植物之間的 新關(guān)系第一大步。 谷子被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，農(nóng)業(yè)的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。 從那時(shí)起， 人類(lèi)越來(lái)越依賴(lài)少數(shù)可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類(lèi)中這里獲取一點(diǎn)，那里 獲取一點(diǎn)。  這樣在千萬(wàn)年中對(duì)于野生植物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和密切聯(lián)系中積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)就開(kāi)始消失了。