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    Movie Music

    Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent"， the film has  never been，  in the full sense of  the word， silent. From the very beginning，  music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment； when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896， they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first， the music played bore no special relationship to the films； an accompaniment of any kind  was sufficient. Within a  very short time， however，  the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent， and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. As movie theaters grew in number and importance， a violinist， and perhaps a cellist， would be added to  the  pianist in certain cases， and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra， and very often the principal qualification for holding such  a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership  of  a  large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown （if indeed， the conductor was lucky enough to see them then）， the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry. To  help meet this difficulty， film distributing companies started the practice of  publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In  1909， for example， the  Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant"， "sad"， "lively". The suggestions became more explicit， and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood， the titles of suitable pieces of music， and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for  them. The most famous of these  early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation， which was released in 1915.

    全文翻譯：電影插曲

    盡管我們習(xí)慣于將 1927 年以前的電影稱為"無(wú)聲電影"，但是就無(wú)聲這個(gè)詞完整的意義 上來(lái)說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò)，從比較初開(kāi)始音樂(lè)就被視為必不可少的伴奏。  當(dāng)盧米埃爾 的電影在 1896 年 2 月美國(guó)首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時(shí)候，影片便用當(dāng)時(shí)的流行曲臨場(chǎng)鋼 琴伴奏。  比較初，這些音樂(lè)伴奏與電影沒(méi)有什么特別的關(guān)系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。  但在很 短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂(lè)所產(chǎn)生的不協(xié)調(diào)感變得顯而易見(jiàn)，因此鋼琴 家們開(kāi)始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)。

    隨著影劇院在數(shù)量上與重要性上的不 斷增長(zhǎng)，在一些場(chǎng)合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。  較大的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)。  在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂(lè)完全掌握在樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個(gè)大的 音樂(lè)作品的個(gè)人收藏。

    因?yàn)橹钡诫娪吧嫌车那耙惶焱砩蠘?lè)隊(duì)指揮才能看到影片（如果這個(gè)指 揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話），音樂(lè)安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的。為了解決以上的困難，電影發(fā)行公司開(kāi)辦了為音樂(lè)伴奏印制提示單的業(yè)務(wù)。 例如 1909 年愛(ài)迪生公司開(kāi)始將一些諸如"喜悅的"、"悲傷的"、"活潑的"之類表明影片情調(diào)特征的提示與影片一起 發(fā)行。

    這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現(xiàn)了包括影片情調(diào)說(shuō)明、適用樂(lè)曲名稱和樂(lè)曲 轉(zhuǎn)換點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容的配樂(lè)說(shuō)明單。 某些影片擁有專門為其創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。 這些早期特創(chuàng)樂(lè)譜中比較 著名的便是為 D. W.  格雷夫斯 1915 年上映的影片《一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生》所創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。