考研英語閱讀練習(xí)——10類難句精選

　　一、定語從句

　　【難句】1. He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，是一個復(fù)合句。句首部分He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television是主句，其后的a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media…作mobile television的同位語，句末的關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators來修飾先行詞a nascent industry，關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】 他談到了眾人對移動電視的巨大興趣，這是一個在電信和媒體領(lǐng)域有交叉的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，它給設(shè)備制造商、電視內(nèi)容制作者以及移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商提供了新的機遇。

　　【難句】2. Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句使用了分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，體現(xiàn)了非限制性定語從句分隔，從句which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October修飾主語Apple Computer(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語)分隔了主語和系動詞。連接后得到Meanwhile, Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows…其中that又引導(dǎo)定語從句that can be purchased for viewing on the device…修飾先行詞shows(關(guān)系代詞that在從句作主語，從句中使用了被動語態(tài))，句末的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”作伴隨狀語，表明range of shows的具體內(nèi)容。

　　【參考譯文】與此同時，蘋果電腦公司在10月發(fā)售了一款可以觀看電視的便攜式音樂播放器iPod，這個播放器大大幫助了電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴大其可以供用戶購買的、用于在移動終端的節(jié)目范圍， 包括《迷失》、《絕望的主婦》以及《法律與秩序》。

　　【難句】3. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law, which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry. (The Economist Sep. 21, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主句為Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law，使用了such…that…結(jié)構(gòu);關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry，修飾先行詞formulae such as Moore’s law，which在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】的確，有些技術(shù)的進(jìn)步是以一種可預(yù)測的節(jié)奏進(jìn)行著，它們遵循摩爾定律般簡單的公式，好比是半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)的設(shè)計圖紙。

　　【難句】4. Visit many online sites to research a car, and they will sell your name immediately to local dealerships which will then harass you in the old-fashioned way. (The Economist May 27, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】以and為切入點，本句包含兩個并列分句。注意前一分句省略了和后一分句相同的主語they(指代網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售商)。后一分句中，they will sell your name immediately to local dealerships是主句，關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句which will then harass you in the old-fashioned way，which指代上文的一整句話。

　　【參考譯文】網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售商通過訪問大量的網(wǎng)站去尋找一部車，然后就會把你的名字提供給當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)銷商，這又會讓你重回到以前那種購車模式所帶來的困擾中。

　　【難句】5. Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries. (The Economist Jun.5, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，是一個復(fù)合句。主句為Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN，其后的定語從句which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries修飾先行詞UN，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語，注意這里project作動詞用，譯為“指出”，且從句里使用了比較級。

　　【參考譯文】聯(lián)合國有關(guān)報告指出，即便是中國，到2030年初期人口也將開始遞減。這份報告同時還指出，到2050年，將有50個國家的人口低于今天的水平。

　　【難句】6. That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. (The Economist Jun.18, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主句That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其中表語由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，定語從句which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals修飾先行詞video games，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞video games在從句中作主語，這里使用了被動語態(tài)be accused of，在翻譯時我們譯成主動。

　　【參考譯文】 對于當(dāng)今時代那些控訴電視游戲使年輕人變成暴力罪犯的批評者們，歷史比較終也將對他們作出同樣的批判。

　　【難句】7. Management and HR groups spend a lot of time talking about “engagement”， which comes down to getting employees excited about the work they’re doing and its contribution to the company. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干一目了然：Management and HR groups spend a lot of time talking about “engagement”，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which comes down to getting employees excited about…。修飾先行詞engagement，關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語。介詞about后有兩個賓語the work and its contribution，其中work的修飾語由一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句they’re doing充當(dāng)，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語，contribution則由后置的介詞短語修飾。

　　【參考譯文】管理和人力資源群體花費大量的時間來談?wù)?ldquo;參與”，激發(fā)雇員對他們的工作和為公司做貢獻(xiàn)的興趣。

　　【難句】8. To make the technology as simple as possible, Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software that can be used across all their devices—be it PCs, TVs, or set—top boxes. (Business Week Jan. 29, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，是一個復(fù)合句。句首的不定式短語To make the technology as simple as possible作全句的目的狀語。主句為Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can be used across all their devices修飾先行詞software，that在從句中作主語，并且使用了被動語態(tài)。第一個破折號后面是對across all their devices的具體說明，注意這里采用了whether…or…引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句省略whether的特殊形式be it PCs, TVs, or set。第二個破折號后top boxes是對software的比較終闡釋，我們?nèi)サ糁虚g讓步狀語作的分隔成分，可以連接全句為Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software that can be used across all their devices—top boxes。

　　【參考譯文】為了讓科技盡可能的簡單，索尼、惠普和其他銷售者比較終開發(fā)了可以在所有裝置上使用的軟件——不論是個人電腦、電視機或是數(shù)字解碼器——這種軟件就是機頂盒。

　　【難句】9. On the face of it, that doesn’t seem especially surprising: we feel strong emotion at important events, which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments. (Time Jan. 18, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】這是典型的冒號前為主句，冒號后作解釋說明的實例。句首部分On the face of it為全句的狀語，主句部分為that doesn’t seem especially surprising，這里seem采用了系動詞的用法。注意形容詞surprising指物的-ing使用。冒號后we feel strong emotion at important events是對主句的解釋說明，非限制性定語從句which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments使用了比較結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語。注意which后的be動詞使用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are，聯(lián)系上文，我們不難判斷出它指代 important events。

　　【參考譯文】乍看起來，那似乎不會使我們特別吃驚：在重大事件上我們會感到強烈的感情沖擊——重大事件顯然比平常日子讓人記憶深刻。

　　【難句】10. An animal that can remember the significance of that large, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws will survive longer and produce more offspring. (Time Jan. 18, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句，句子的主干為An animal will survive longer and produce more offspring。主語animal后接關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞代替animal在從句中作主語。在從句里，謂語動詞 remember的賓語是the significance，它的后置定語為that large, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws;介詞短語with the big teeth and sharp claws補充說明thing的特點。

　　【參考譯文】一種動物只有記住了長相丑惡(具有巨大牙齒和鋒利爪子)且身體龐大的重要性，才能生存長久并繁殖更多的后代。

　　【難句】11. Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study. (The Guardian Feb. 1, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。主語Women后是定語從句 who live in areas of high air pollution，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中代替women作主語，系表部分are at increased risk of heart disease and death被分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(表被動)作的后置定語exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires分隔，由于定語部分較長，在翻譯時我們可以譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu);句子末尾的according to a study作全句的狀語。

　　【參考譯文】一項研究表明，生活在嚴(yán)重空氣污染地區(qū)的女性，暴露在車輛尾氣、燃煤發(fā)電廠、森林火災(zāi)所產(chǎn)生和排放的無形的微小顆粒中，越來越容易患心臟病，甚至?xí)�因此直接�?dǎo)致死亡。

　　二、名詞性從句

　　【難句】1. The console can determine how the controller is moving in space and what it is pointing at, and uses that information to control what is happening on screen. (The Economist Dec. 2, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】以逗號后and為切入點，得到主句部分的并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)The console can determine…, and uses that information to control…，uses與can determine一起作該句的謂語。其中determine的賓語也以and切入，得到how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句how the controller is moving in space和what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句what it is pointing at(how在從句中作狀語，what在從句中作賓語);在use的賓語補足語to control…中，control的賓語使用了what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句what is happening on screen充當(dāng)，what在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】游戲機能測出手柄的移動軌跡，識別手柄指著屏幕上的什么東西，然后根據(jù)得到的信息控制屏幕上的游戲。

　　【難句】2. If left unchanged, it appears that the time to cash in on digital sales via services like iTunes is starting to evaporate, especially if the music is set to start leaking into the public domain in the country where it was originally produced. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，注意appear在這里是系動詞用法。表語部分由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that the time…is starting to evaporate…充當(dāng)，不定式短語to cash in on digital sales via services like iTunes 作后置定語修飾the time。especially直到句末是條件狀語從句，使用了被動語態(tài) if the music is set to…句末關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句where it was originally produced修飾先行詞the country，關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于in which。句首部分If left unchanged，我們可以理解為是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作的條件狀語，注意這里使用了leave sth.+adj。用法。

　　【參考譯文】如果不改變，則通過諸如iTunes利用數(shù)字銷售賺錢的時代可能開始消亡了，尤其是當(dāng)音樂在其比較初發(fā)表的國家已經(jīng)進(jìn)入公共領(lǐng)域時。

　　【難句】3. If I ever had any doubts about how demanding a teacher’s job is, it would have disappeared for good when I spent some time recently in schools. (The Guardian Sep. 12, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，為主從復(fù)合句。it would have disappeared for good when I spent some time recently in schools為主句部分，其中包含一個when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句when I spent some time recently in schools。If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，had any doubts about后的賓語由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句how demanding a teacher’s job is充當(dāng)，how與形容詞demanding相連作從句的表語。注意整個句子使用了與過去相反的虛擬語氣，從句為if+had done，主句為would/could/should/might+have done的形式。

　　【參考譯文】 如果說我以前還曾懷疑教師的工作有多吃力，那么當(dāng)我比較近在學(xué)校中待了一段時間后，我永遠(yuǎn)改變了原來的想法。

　　【難句】4. The teachers who took part in the program also told me of their worries that they might be force-feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion necessary to ensure they grasped the importance to them of what they were being taught. (The Guardian Sep. 12, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句成分復(fù)雜。主語The teachers 后跟who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who took part in the program also told me of their worries…作修飾語，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語。told后我們可以認(rèn)為是雙賓語(對象+內(nèi)容)，直接賓語部分their worries后跟that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that they might be force feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion necessary to ensure…說明worries的具體內(nèi)容。ensure后面的賓語是一個省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的賓語從句they grasped the importance to them of…，grasped的賓語the importance of…被不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to them分隔，of構(gòu)成的介賓短語的賓語由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，且從句使用了被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。

　　【參考譯文】參與節(jié)目的老師們還告訴我，他們擔(dān)心自己可能是在向?qū)W生強行灌輸知識與信息，而不是激勵他們討論，以此保證他們能掌握他們所學(xué)知識的要領(lǐng)。

　　【難句】5. The trouble with that approach is that consumers tend to prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to home networks. (Business Week Jan. 29, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句主干很清晰，是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。其中表語部分由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that consumers tend to prefer devices…充當(dāng)。device后是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句 that require simply plugging them in…,關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語。逗號后的介詞短語 without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features…作從句中的伴隨狀語(在翻譯時我們可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語)，句末的形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)common to home networks后置作features的定語。

　　【參考譯文】 這一方式的問題在于，消費者更喜歡不需要創(chuàng)立復(fù)雜的無線電頻道、安全保護以及家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)所共有的其他特性，便可以簡單插入的裝置。

　　【難句】6. Davies says guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use. (The Guardian Oct. 3, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句不難，主句謂語says后是省略了that的賓語從句guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use。注意兩個between的使用。第一個between與后面的and 相連，構(gòu)成being flexible enough to…and providing enough detail to…結(jié)構(gòu)，第二個between后跟disciplines表示“各學(xué)科之間”，并且前后都使用了be enough to do的形式。

　　【參考譯文】戴維斯說，指導(dǎo)規(guī)范必須在足夠靈活考慮各學(xué)科的不同點和提供充足的可操作的細(xì)節(jié)之間尋求一種平衡。

　　【難句】7. In its 16 years of operation it has found the first convincing evidence for the existence of black holes, made observations supporting the theory that the universe’s expansion is accelerating and confirmed that dark matter exists. (The Economist Nov. 2, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】去掉句首介賓In its 16 years of operation作的時間狀語，以and為切入點，得到主句it has found…, made…and confirmed…其中made后的賓語中，包含現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)supporting the theory…作的伴隨狀語，在此伴隨狀語中，that引導(dǎo)同位語從句that the universe’s expansion is accelerating解釋說明theory的內(nèi)容;而confirmed后的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that dark matter exists充當(dāng)。

　　【參考譯文】在它運行的16年中，首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了關(guān)于黑洞的令人信服的證據(jù)，很多觀測都支持宇宙加速膨脹的理論并確認(rèn)暗物質(zhì)的存在。

　　三、非謂語動詞

　　【難句】1. The energy used to separate oxygen from air before burning is almost as great as that needed to filter out nitrogen afterwards, leading to a similar loss of efficiency. (The Economist Nov. 30, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是一個簡單句，為一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)The energy is almost as great as that needed to filter out nitrogen afterwards，使用了as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)，其中被比較的對象that needed to filter out nitrogen afterwards中，that指代上文的energy，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)needed to…作后置定語體現(xiàn)被動。其中主語energy由過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)used to separate oxygen from air before burning 作后置定語體現(xiàn)被動;句末的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)leading to a similar loss of efficiency作全句的結(jié)果狀語。

　　【參考譯文】 燃燒前將氧氣從空氣中分離所需的能源幾乎不亞于上述將氮氣過濾所需的耗費，這就使得兩者在效率損失上不相上下。

　　【難句】2. Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too. (The Economist Jun. 15, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句不難，逗號前為主句Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs,使用了too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，句末的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too作伴隨狀語，進(jìn)一步補充說明reduce costs的具體內(nèi)容。

　　【參考譯文】有些大的制造商和服務(wù)供應(yīng)商熱衷于降低成本，不僅把非核心業(yè)務(wù)外包，而且連核心業(yè)務(wù)也不放過。

　　【難句】3. The study shows that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduate Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year, increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 2006 recruitment levels. (The Sunday Times Jan. 11, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是復(fù)合句。逗號前為主句，是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其中謂語shows的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduate Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year充當(dāng)�，F(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 2006 recruitment levels作狀語，我們可以理解其為結(jié)果狀語，注意增加的幅度用介詞by表示。句末的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)compared with 2006 recruitment levels作比較狀語。

　　【參考譯文】研究表明，《時代》排名前100名的畢業(yè)生雇主單位中有將近一半計劃今年將擴大畢業(yè)生接收規(guī)模，為新的畢業(yè)生增加可利用的空缺職位數(shù)量，這個數(shù)量與2006年的新成員水平相比，會增加10%以上。

　　【難句】4. The trouble is, as soon as you’ve been given a clean bill of health you’re back at your desk, facing the same situation that led to depression and compulsive behavior problems in the first place. (Times Online Jan. 11, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句主干是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)The trouble is…，其中表語部分由從句充當(dāng)。在表語從句中，包含as soon as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句as soon as you’ve been given a clean bill of health，翻譯為“一……就……”�，F(xiàn)在分詞短語facing the same situation…作you’re back at your desk的伴隨狀語，關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句 that led to depression and compulsive behavior problems in the first place修飾先行詞the same situation，that在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】 問題是，一旦你得到清楚的健康證明，你就得立刻回到你的辦公桌，并且首先就要面對與原來曾導(dǎo)致沮喪和強迫性行為問題的同樣的情形。

　　【難句】5. Drivers can instruct their car stereos to “play similar”， prompting the system to call up songs in the same musical genre. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主干是一個主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：Drivers can instruct their car stereos to “play similar”，其中不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to “play similar”構(gòu)成了instruct their cars的復(fù)合賓語�，F(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)prompting the system to call up songs in the same musical genre作instruct their car stereos to “play similar”的狀語，我們可以理解為結(jié)果狀語，在這里，prompt后也采用了不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to call up songs in the same musical genre與the system一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語的形式。

　　【參考譯文】 駕駛者可以指令車內(nèi)立體聲設(shè)備“播放相似音樂”，提示系統(tǒng)集合相同風(fēng)格的音樂。

　　【難句】6. Having succeeded as a convenient vehicle for every conceivable political and commercial slogan, the threads themselves are becoming the newest message, logically enough. (Time Jan. 18, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句中的主語與從句中的主語一致，從句中省去主謂，造成分詞作伴隨狀語的形式，我們可以還原為since the threads have succeeded as…主句部分是the threads themselves are becoming the newest message,句末的 logically enough是狀語，在翻譯時，我們可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為be becoming the newest message的補充部分。

　　【參考譯文】成功作為政治和商業(yè)口號的一種便捷媒介物，(T恤)衣服本身也成了比較新的信息，這種情況(的發(fā)生)合乎邏輯。

　　【難句】7. Some of the biggest venture capital firms are raising large funds, targeting more established companies, and increasingly setting their sights abroad. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主句為Some of the biggest venture capital firms are raising large funds,兩個現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)targeting more established companies和increasingly setting their sights abroad由and并列，作全句的伴隨狀語。

　　【參考譯文】 某些大的風(fēng)險投資公司正在籌集大量的資金，他們的目標(biāo)是已經(jīng)穩(wěn)定的企業(yè)，并且日益將目光投向海外市場。

　　四、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)

　　【難句】1. Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs very little—around $2, down from $20 in 2001—but allows the manufacturer to increase the price of the handset by far more, and opens up a new market for high-margin accessories. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是典型的破折號分隔。首先以連詞為切入點，得到Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs…but allows…, and opens up…，介詞短語around $2, down from $20 in 2001充當(dāng)?shù)姆指舫煞肿魃衔腸osts very little的具體解釋說明，分隔了前兩個并列的謂語。

　　【參考譯文】 在手機里添加一個藍(lán)牙芯片的成本很低——從2001年時的20美元下降到2美元左右——但是可以允許制造者提高遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高出這個的價格，并且打開了一個高利潤附件的市場。

　　【難句】2. It was refreshing, across the age groups of the children I met, to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives. (The Guardian Sep. 12, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句使用了兩處分隔，均由逗號表現(xiàn)。第一處分隔across the age groups of the children I met,分隔了主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的一種特殊形式，即形容詞+to do作表語。去掉分隔部分，我們得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives。這里我們注意到see后面的賓語由兩個how引導(dǎo)的從句充當(dāng)：how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how…清晰看到第二處分隔為介賓短語with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me作的伴隨狀語。去掉分隔，得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives，即由and并列的兩個how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。在第二個從句中，謂語say后仍然是由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句how relevant they were to their daily lives充當(dāng)賓語。在翻譯時，我們可將兩個分隔部分所作的狀語提前。

　　【參考譯文】 在我所見到的同年齡段的孩子們中，在我和他們的老師只給了一點兒提示的情況下，見證他們?nèi)绾慰焖俚仡I(lǐng)會人權(quán)的整體觀念，如何認(rèn)識到人權(quán)與他們的生活密切相關(guān)，這一點是非常讓人興奮的。

　　【難句】3. What was interesting was how quickly, by using relevant and local examples where possible, the pupils cottoned on to how the interplay of rights and responsibilities could affect their lives, and so became active and engaged participants in the classroom debates. (The Guardian Sep. 12, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句體現(xiàn)了逗號分隔。主語部分由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，what在從句中作主語。表語由how引導(dǎo)的從句充當(dāng)，被插入的方式狀語by using relevant and local examples where possible分隔。去掉分隔，我們連接為What was interesting was how quickly the pupils cottoned on to how the interplay of rights and responsibilities could affect their lives, and so became active and engaged participants in the classroom debates。注意表語從句由and so連接了兩個謂語cottoned on(理解)和became active and engaged participants，并且cottoned on to(理解)后的賓語也由how引導(dǎo)的從句充當(dāng)。在翻譯時，我們?nèi)匀粚⒎指舨糠炙�作的狀語提前。

　　【參考譯文】 有意思的是，通過講述可能發(fā)生在身邊與自己息息相關(guān)的例子，學(xué)生們很快地理解了權(quán)利與責(zé)任間的相互作用是怎樣影響他們的生活，然后更積極主動地參加課堂討論。

　　【難句】4. It is only when the environment demands our attention—a dog barks, a child cries, a telephone rings—that our mental time machines switch themselves off and deposit us with a bump in the here and now. (Time Jan. 19, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是破折號分隔。分隔部分a dog barks, a child cries, a telephone rings分隔了原本的強調(diào)句型It is only when the environment demands our attention that our mental time machines switch themselves off and deposit us with a bump in the here and now。被強調(diào)的部分是when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示時間。分隔部分由三個并列的名詞短語構(gòu)成，舉例說明前文the environment的具體情況。

　　【參考譯文】 只有在環(huán)境需要我們的注意的時候——狗在吠，孩子哭，電話鈴響——我們的精神時間機制才會自動關(guān)閉，且讓我們在此時此地受到一擊。

　　【難句】5. Nokia, which has made emerging markets a priority, continues to introduce low-cost phones designed for markets where many users do not have access to reliable electricity, and may not even be able to read. (Business Week Jan. 29, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是逗號分隔，體現(xiàn)為非限制性定語從句。which has made emerging markets a priority分隔了主謂部分，去掉分隔，得到Nokia continues to introduce low-cost phones designed for markets where many users do not have access to reliable electricity, and may not even be able to read。我們注意到markets后是一個關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句where many users do not have access to reliable electricity，and may not even be able to read，where在從句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于in which。在翻譯時，我們根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為全句的狀語，并根據(jù)其使用了完成時態(tài)翻譯為“……后”。

　　【參考譯文】 在新興市場中取得了優(yōu)先地位后，諾基亞繼續(xù)引進(jìn)低成本的手機，這些手機是針對不能獲得可靠電力甚至可能是不識字的使用者構(gòu)成的市場而設(shè)計的。

　　五、被動語態(tài)

　　【難句】1. Car drivers can buy electro-petrol hybrids but aircraft are, for now, stuck with kerosene, because its energy-density makes it the only practical fuel to carry around in the air. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 以連詞but為切入點，本句包含兩個并列分句。其中第二個并列分句aircraft are, for now, stuck with kerosene, because its energy-density makes it the only practical fuel to carry around in the air包含because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，使用了make it sth。(使它成為……)結(jié)構(gòu)，主句aircraft are, for now, stuck with kerosene使用了被動語態(tài)，并由介詞短語for now分隔，連接后得到aircraft are stuck with kerosene，翻譯時為符合漢語習(xí)慣譯為主動。

　　【參考譯文】 小汽車司機可以購買電力汽油混合動力的汽車，但是飛機只能用煤油，因為它的能量密度使其成為唯一可以在空中攜帶的燃料。

　　【難句】2. It can be plugged into a hand-held device (such as a mobile phone, music player or portable games console) to power or recharge it, and has sufficient capacity to provide around 30 hours of talk-time on a mobile phone, or 60~80 hours of playback time for an iPod music player. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 去掉括號內(nèi)的舉例補充說明，以and為切入點，得到It can be plugged into a hand held device to power or recharge it, and has sufficient capacity to provide…, and并列了兩個謂語，前一謂語使用了被動語態(tài)be plugged，翻譯時我們可轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動，后一謂語的賓語補足語to provide后的賓語由or并列，分別為around 30 hours of talk-time on a mobile phone和60~80 hours of playback time for an iPod music player。

　　【參考譯文】 它可以放入手持設(shè)備(比如手機、音樂播放器或便攜式游戲機)給其提供能源或充電，足以供一部手機通話30小時，或者一臺iPod音樂播放器播放60到80小時。

　　【難句】3. Questions are increasingly being asked by the councils about how they can be sure that misconduct is not taking place on the grants they provide.(The Guardian Oct. 3, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句使用了被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時結(jié)構(gòu)，主干為Questions are increasingly being asked about…，施動者by the councils構(gòu)成了分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。在翻譯時，我們可以化被動為主動，the councils are increasingly asking questions about…，介詞about后的賓語由how引導(dǎo)的從句how they can be sure…充當(dāng)，這里又包含一個特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)“主語+adj.+從句”，that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 misconduct is not taking place on the grants they provide中，grants后是一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作provide的賓語。

　　【參考譯文】 各委員會越來越多地提出問題——關(guān)于他們?nèi)绾文軌虼_保在他們同意的情況下避免發(fā)生處理不當(dāng)?shù)男袨椤?/p>

　　【難句】4. It’s much easier to say “Great idea!” when a terrific solution has been put forward by someone on your team, than it is to take the time to explain why an employee’s favorite brainchild isn’t going anywhere except the circular file. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句成分復(fù)雜。以逗號為切入點，得到一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)It’s much easier to say “Great idea!”…than…。it是形式主語，前半部分的真正主語由不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to say “Great idea!”…充當(dāng)，這里包含一個when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句when a terrific solution has been put forward by someone on your team，使用了被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在完成時。后半部分真正主語為to take the time to explain…，explain后的賓語是why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 why an employee’s favorite brainchild isn’t going anywhere except the circular file。在翻譯時，我們將狀語提前，且化被動為主動。

　　【參考譯文】 當(dāng)團隊中的某個人提出了極好的解決方案時，說“好主意”要比花時間解釋為什么一個職員比較喜歡的想法比較終被拋棄要容易得多。

　六、狀語從句

　　【難句】1. The engines would have variable nozzles, which would be fully opened on take-off and landing, so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet, and narrowed when the aircraft was cruising, providing the necessary speed. (The Economist Nov. 9, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是主從復(fù)合句。主句為The engines would have variable nozzles。其后的定語從句比較復(fù)雜，以逗號后and為切入點，得到which would be fully opened…and narrowed…，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞nozzles在從句中作主語。其中so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet說明(nozzles)would be fully opened on take-off and landing情況發(fā)生時所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，句末的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)providing the necessary speed 作(nozzles)would be narrowed when the aircraft was cruising情況發(fā)生時的伴隨結(jié)果，其中when引導(dǎo)的從句作時間狀語。

　　【參考譯文】 引擎將配有各種各樣的尾噴管，在起飛和降落時這些尾噴管會全部打開，這樣噴氣速度會下降，噪音也會更小;而在飛機巡航過程中，尾噴管將變小以保證必要的飛行速度。

　　【難句】2. If it decides in favour, the whole industry will feel the impact, for it will affect not just European airlines but all those that fly into and out of the EU. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 以連詞for為切入點，得到兩個并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別為If it decides in favour, the whole industry will feel the impact和for it will affect not just European airlines but all those that fly into and out of the EU。前一分句中，if引導(dǎo)從句If it decides in favour作條件狀語;后一分句中，謂語affect的賓語部分使用了not just…but…結(jié)構(gòu)，句末的定語從句that fly into and out of the EU修飾先行詞those。

　　【參考譯文】 如果意見是肯定的，那么整個民航業(yè)將受到影響，因為這個方案不僅影響歐洲的航線，同樣也對到達(dá)歐洲和飛離歐洲的航線產(chǎn)生作用。

　　【難句】3. The business director concentrates on planning and practicality, whether it’s deciding how to change a company’s business strategy or ensuring that everyone attending a meeting can see the overhead projector. (The Sunday Times Jan. 11, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主句在逗號前The business director concentrates on planning and practicality，后面的讓步狀語從句由whether引導(dǎo)。在從句中，由or并列了兩個謂語be deciding 和ensuring。decide的賓語由how to do的形式充當(dāng)，ensure的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性that everyone attending a meeting can see the overhead projector構(gòu)成，注意everyone的后置定語是一個現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以還原成一個定語從句，who is attending…

　　【參考譯文】 商業(yè)導(dǎo)演集中于計劃和實施，不管是決定怎樣改變一個公司的商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，還是保證每位參加會議的人都能看到頭頂?shù)姆庞硻C。

　　【難句】4. Some jobs require specific qualifications but most top employers will take any degree discipline provided you’ve got a first or an upper second from a decent university. (Times Online Jan. 11, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 以but為切入點，定位本句為兩個并列分句Some jobs require specific qualifications but most top employers will take any degree discipline…句末部分的provided引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句provided you’ve got a first or an upper second from a decent university，翻譯為“假如……”。

　　【參考譯文】 有些工作需要特別的資格，但大多數(shù)的一流雇主會采取某種程度的原則，即你要在一個不錯的大學(xué)獲得一流或上流的成績。

　　【難句】5. Even if the actual instances of mailroom-to-boardroom ascendancy are one in a million, it’s pleasant to think that somewhere out there is a person pushing a mail cart or answering phones who will one day run the company. (Business Week Jan. 29, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 逗號前為even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句Even if the actual instances of mailroom to boardroom ascendancy are one in a million，翻譯為“盡管……”，主句為it’s pleasant to…，其中it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。在不定式中，think 的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)。在此從句中，使用了there be句型there is a person…，person后有兩個現(xiàn)在分詞短語作的后置定語 pushing a mail cart和 answering phones…這兩個定語由or并列，句末的定語從句 who will one day run the company也修飾先行詞person，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中代替person作主語。

　　【參考譯文】 盡管從傳達(dá)室轉(zhuǎn)到董事會的實際例證只有百萬分之一的比率，但猜想在這之外的某個地方有一個開郵車的人或是接電話的人某天會掌管一個公司是件令人高興的事。

　七、比較結(jié)構(gòu)

　　【難句】1. Keep in mind, though, it’s much more important to be able to show your manager how you contributed to the company’s results (such as incremental revenue or reduced cost) than just a difference in pay between you and someone else. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句使用了more…than…的比較結(jié)構(gòu)。以副詞though所充當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~結(jié)構(gòu)切入，本句為祈使句，keep后的賓語由省略了that的名詞性從句充當(dāng)。在此從句中，使用了it作形式主語，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to be able to show your manager…作真正主語的形式，show后是雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，than并列了比較的兩端，為(show your manager) how you contributed to the company’s results和just a difference in pay between you and someone else。

　　【參考譯文】 盡管如此，要記住向你的上司展示你對公司業(yè)績的貢獻(xiàn)(比如，提高收入降低成本)要比僅僅展示你和其他人的工資差別更為重要。

　　【難句】2. It’s much better for the manager to offer a pay increase, beaming with pride over his or her good judgment in hiring you, than for you to get the same pay increase by having to ask for it. (Business Week Feb. 5, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的比較結(jié)構(gòu)與例(40)同，主干為It’s much better for the manager to…than for you to…注意兩個逗號之間的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)beaming with pride over his or her good judgment in hiring you作前文It’s much better for the manager to offer a pay increase的目的狀語。

　　【參考譯文】 上司為你加薪——為他或她錄用你的判斷而自豪高興，要比自己為獲得同樣的加薪而要求更好。

　　【難句】3. Women’s control over the number of children they have is an unqualified good—as is the average person’s enjoyment, in rich countries, of ten more years of life than they had in 1960. (The Economist Jun. 5, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句主句為Women’s control over the number of children they have is an unqualified good，其中they have為省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語從句，修飾先行詞children，破折號部分as is the average person’s enjoyment…為as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞an unqualified good，注意這里good作名詞用;句末的比較結(jié)構(gòu)of ten more years of life than they had in 1960使用了than加從句，整體作從句中表語the average person’s enjoyment的后置定語。

　　【參考譯文】 女人擁有一種絕對的優(yōu)勢，那就是對自己生孩子的數(shù)量的掌控。在發(fā)達(dá)國家，對普通人而言，能比六十年代的人多享受十年的生活也同樣是種絕對優(yōu)勢。

　　【難句】4. Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eight photographs as when it was part of a group of four. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的比較結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，使用了as…as…形式，比較的兩端為when it was mixed in a group of eight photographs和 when it was part of a group of four。

　　【參考譯文】 另外，不管這些圖片是八張一組還是四張一組，參與者都能同樣迅速地辨別出憤怒的表情。

　八、倒裝語序

　　【難句】1. Not only does a green thing look different from a red thing, remind us of other green things and inspire us to say, “That’s green”， but it also actually looks green: it produces an experience of sheer greenness that isn’t reducible to anything else. (Time Jan. 19, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 該句子中，逗號前表示否定的詞not only放在句首，使用了部分倒裝。正常語序為：a green thing looks not only different from a red thing，reminds us of other green things and inspires us to say, “That’s green”。這是并列了三個謂語(look different…，remind us…and inspire us…)。but之后為遞進(jìn)部分，but it also actually looks green…，其中冒號后為具體的解釋說明，并且這里包含一個定語從句that isn’t reducible to anything else，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞sheer greenness，在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】 一件綠色的東西不僅僅看起來與紅色的東西不同，使我們想起其他綠色的東西并刺激我們說：“那是綠色”，而且它確實看起來是綠色的：它產(chǎn)生了一個完全的綠色的經(jīng)驗，那不能簡化成任何其他事情。

　　【難句】2. Clever though this is, it is just a stepping stone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and, in particular, laptops—the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句體現(xiàn)了典型的將表語部分提前構(gòu)成的讓步狀語從句倒裝，還原后應(yīng)為though this is clever。主句為it is just a stepping stone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and, in particular, laptops—the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail，其中包含incorporation…into…的結(jié)構(gòu)，portable devices和laptops作介詞into的賓語。句末的名詞短語the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail作上文的補充說明，其中包含that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞appplication。

　　【參考譯文】 雖然這很聰明，但它只能算是通往直接將燃料電池與便攜設(shè)備整合的道路上的墊腳石，特別是對筆記本電腦而言——這一設(shè)備現(xiàn)在仍是工業(yè)界的圣杯。

　　八、倒裝語序

　　【難句】1. Not only does a green thing look different from a red thing, remind us of other green things and inspire us to say, “That’s green”， but it also actually looks green: it produces an experience of sheer greenness that isn’t reducible to anything else. (Time Jan. 19, 2007)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 該句子中，逗號前表示否定的詞not only放在句首，使用了部分倒裝。正常語序為：a green thing looks not only different from a red thing，reminds us of other green things and inspires us to say, “That’s green”。這是并列了三個謂語(look different…，remind us…and inspire us…)。but之后為遞進(jìn)部分，but it also actually looks green…，其中冒號后為具體的解釋說明，并且這里包含一個定語從句that isn’t reducible to anything else，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞sheer greenness，在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】 一件綠色的東西不僅僅看起來與紅色的東西不同，使我們想起其他綠色的東西并刺激我們說：“那是綠色”，而且它確實看起來是綠色的：它產(chǎn)生了一個完全的綠色的經(jīng)驗，那不能簡化成任何其他事情。

　　【難句】2. Clever though this is, it is just a stepping stone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and, in particular, laptops—the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句體現(xiàn)了典型的將表語部分提前構(gòu)成的讓步狀語從句倒裝，還原后應(yīng)為though this is clever。主句為it is just a stepping stone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and, in particular, laptops—the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail，其中包含incorporation…into…的結(jié)構(gòu)，portable devices和laptops作介詞into的賓語。句末的名詞短語the application that remains the industry’s Holy Grail作上文的補充說明，其中包含that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞appplication。

　　【參考譯文】 雖然這很聰明，但它只能算是通往直接將燃料電池與便攜設(shè)備整合的道路上的墊腳石，特別是對筆記本電腦而言——這一設(shè)備現(xiàn)在仍是工業(yè)界的圣杯。

　十、否定句

　　【難句】1. It’s not every day that you get to witness the birth of a new social system. But General Motors’June 1 bankruptcy, and the company’s likely reorganization under the ownership of the U.S. Treasury, does suggest the arrival of a novel relationship—at least for the United States—between the citizen and his government.(Weekly Standard Jun. 15, 2009 )

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句使用了強調(diào)句型的否定式It is not…that…，在這個句型中，it沒有詞匯意義，只是引出被強調(diào)的成分。every day是所強調(diào)的內(nèi)容，并使用了not直接否定。But后的句子又使用了借助助動詞do強調(diào)句子謂語的強調(diào)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，句中表現(xiàn)為用does強調(diào) suggest即does suggest…整句話還包含一個較長的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)and the company’s likely reorganization under the ownership of the U.S. Treasury，對主語General Motors’June 1 bankruptcy起補充說明的作用。

　　【參考譯文】 不是每天人們都可以見證一個新社會體系的誕生。但是通用6月1日宣告破產(chǎn)，它將在美國財政部的掌控下進(jìn)行可能的重組，這一事件正是暗示了一種新關(guān)系的到來——至少是在美國——公民與政府之間的新型關(guān)系。

　　【難句】2. Best known as a destination for honeymooners in search of perfect white beaches and swaying palms, the Seychelles islands rarely make any sort of headlines. Few tourists would even have noticed the presidential election on July 30th, in which James Michel, leader of the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front, was returned with 54% of the ballot. (The Economist Aug. 10, 2006)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本段出現(xiàn)了兩處否定。前一句中，使用了否定副詞rarely體現(xiàn)否定，譯為“幾乎不”，Best known as…作該句狀語。后一分句中，使用否定代詞few體現(xiàn)否定，譯為“很少”，其中包含了which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which James Michel，leader of do the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front, was returned with 54% of the ballot, which指代先行詞election, 并與in一起在從句中作狀語，且該從句的謂語使用了被動語態(tài);leader of the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front為分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，補充說明James Michel此人的身份。

　　【參考譯文】 說起塞舌爾群島，許多人只知道它是度蜜月者找尋美麗的白色沙灘和搖曳的棕櫚樹的目的地之一。除此之外，幾乎沒有媒體對其進(jìn)行報道，就連游客們也很少有人注意到7月30日該國舉行的總統(tǒng)選舉。在這次選舉中，塞舌爾人民進(jìn)步陣線領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人詹姆斯•米歇爾獲得了54%的選票。