Text 1
An image taken of the Pacific Ocean last September is astonishing. Made by using data collected from satellites monitored by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, the picture shows the surface level of the Pacific as clearly as a yardstick lying across a lumpy bed. One sample of water—with a volume 30 times that of all the Great Lakes—is white, indicating that it is as 13 inches higher than its normal level.
El Nino experts are still striving to tackle the really big question: What is causing the abnormal El Nino behavior of the past two decades? Some see the hand of global warming, accelerating the pace of El Nino formation and reinforcing each event. Supporters of globalwarmingasEl Ninoinstigator include Kevin Trenberth, a climate analyst of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, “There’s evidence that global warming didn’t have much impact until 1979, but now it’s beginning to break through,” he says.
Two additional arguments are on the table. One theory is that the recent El Nino epidemic is simply one of nature’s climatic riffs, but that we haven’t been hearing the tune long enough to recognize the change in key. One problem is that historical data on El Nino is sketchy prior to the early 1970s and almost nonexistent going back more than 50 years. If one looks back further, however, fossil evidence suggests that something about El Nino has indeed changed. Fossil records of coral in the Galapagos Islands show that some 4,000 years ago, an El Nino occurred only 60 years or so. Studies of tree rings and ice cores indicate a more recent cycle of seven years, still much less frequent than the present cycle of every three or four years.
The other alternative? Records are accurate enough to show that we’re in the second El Ninointensive era of the past 100 years. The first was during the 1920s and 30s, and probably was responsible for the Dust Bowl, when drought destroyed hundreds of farms in Oklahoma and north Texas. The second seems to have started around 1976. These shifts seem to be periods of natural warming in the Pacific. The warming does not necessarily cause El Nino but certainly amplifies it, creating the appearance of more and more severe El Nino. (380 words)
1. The picture as depicted by the writer in the first paragraph seems to be .
[A] fairly reassuring.
[B] very bleak.
[C] rather shocking.
[D] quite exceptional.
2. The idea of the “globalwarmingasEl Ninoinstigator” roughly refers to be .
[A] contribution of global warming to the occurrence of El Nino.
[B] unusual behavior of El Nino in the past two decades caused by global warming.
[C] caution shown by authorities against the destruction of El Nino.
[D] accurate forecast for the approach of El Nino.
3. The possible explanations of El Nino is the following EXCEPT .
[A] global warming. [B] nature’s climatic riffs.
[C] Human behavior.[D] natural warming in the Pacific.
4. We may assume that the author considers forecasting of El Nino as .
[A] inconclusive.
[B] effortless.
[C] informative.
[D] precise.
5. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] A trace to the mysteries of El Nino.
[B] A vivid account of the impact of El Nino.
[C] Exposure to the formation of El Nino.
[D] A review of different theories on El Nino.
核心詞匯
yardstick n.比較或衡量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);尺度
lumpy a. 多塊狀物的,粗笨的
El Nino n. 厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象,即赤道中、東太平洋海水表面溫度偶爾增暖的現(xiàn)象
fossil n. 化石
epidemic n. 流行病
reinforce vt. 增強(qiáng);加強(qiáng)
tackle vt. 解決;應(yīng)付vt. & vi. 捉住; 扭倒n. 攔截; 擒抱;器械,用具
難句剖析
1. Made by using data collected from satellites monitored by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, the picture shows the surface level of the Pacific as clearly as a yardstick lying across a lumpy bed.
【解析】 句子的主語是the picture,前面的成分作picture的定語,這個(gè)定語比較長(zhǎng),是層層修飾的,monitored by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California修飾satellites,而collected from satellites則修飾data,by using data collected from…作方式狀語,和made結(jié)合起來修飾主語the picture。
【譯文】 使用美國國家航空航天局在加州帕薩迪納衛(wèi)星城的噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室監(jiān)控衛(wèi)星所收集到的數(shù)據(jù)拍攝的照片,非常清楚地顯示了太平洋的水平面,就像凹凸不平的床上有一根尺子一樣清楚。
2. One theory is that the recent El Nino epidemic is simply one of nature’s climatic riffs, but that we haven’t been hearing the tune long enough to recognize the change in key.
【解析】 本句的結(jié)構(gòu)并不難,關(guān)鍵是理解riffs,tune,key的意思,這些都是音樂術(shù)語,有一定難度。
【譯文】 理論之一是,比較近的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象不過是自然氣候即興重復(fù)的一個(gè)段落而已,只是我們很久沒有聽到這段調(diào)子,聽不出音調(diào)的變化了。
文章類型:科普類——厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象
本文從一張衛(wèi)星拍攝的照片出發(fā),對(duì)之進(jìn)行了描繪,引出了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而提出關(guān)于其發(fā)生原因的三種理論。
試題解析
1. 作者在第一段描述的照片看起來 .
[A] 非常使人放心。
[B] 非常明快。
[C] 非常令人震驚。
[D] 非常例外。
文章態(tài)度題【正確答案】[C]
第一段中描繪了一幅令人吃驚的景象。第一句中用了astonishing一詞,而rather shocking和其意思相同。
2. “溫室效應(yīng)是厄爾尼諾的始作俑者”這個(gè)說法大致是說 .
[A] 溫室效應(yīng)對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生所起的作用。
[B] 過去二十年內(nèi)由溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的不正常的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象。
[C] 官方對(duì)厄爾尼諾破壞作用的警告。
[D] 對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的精確預(yù)測(cè)。
細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[B]
問題出現(xiàn)在第二段第三句,instigator的意思是煽動(dòng)者,結(jié)合本段第一句What is causing the abnormal El Nino behavior of the past two decades?和第二句Some see the hand of global warming,可以看出Kevin Trenberth是把全球變暖看成了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的導(dǎo)火索,即答案[B] 。
3. 厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的可能解釋為如下,除了 .
[A] 溫室效應(yīng)。
[B] 自然氣候即興重復(fù)。
[C] 人類行為。
[D] 太平洋變暖。
細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[C]
第二段提出引起厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的原因可能是溫室效應(yīng),第三段指出另外一種解釋:自然氣候即興重復(fù),第四段提出第三種解釋:太平洋變暖。
4. 我們可以認(rèn)為作者認(rèn)為厄爾尼諾的預(yù)測(cè)是 .
[A] 不確定的。
[B] 容易的。
[C] 能提供有用信息。
[D] 精確的。
作者態(tài)度題【正確答案】[C]
根據(jù)文章來推斷,作者認(rèn)為對(duì)厄爾尼諾進(jìn)行預(yù)報(bào)是必要的,因?yàn)樗斐傻挠绊懴喈?dāng)大,但同時(shí)又是困難的,而且也不可能太確切,因?yàn)樗l(fā)生的頻率越來越快,但是無論如何總是可以給大家提供情報(bào)。
5. 文章的主要內(nèi)容是 .
[A] 對(duì)厄爾尼諾秘密的追溯。[B] 對(duì)厄爾尼諾影響的生動(dòng)描述。
[C] 厄爾尼諾形成過程的揭露。
[D] 關(guān)于厄爾尼諾不同理論的綜述。
中心主旨題【正確答案】[D]
本文主要是給大家提供關(guān)于厄爾尼諾研究的不同觀點(diǎn)。
全文精譯
一張去年九月份從太平洋上拍的照片讓人震驚。使用美國國家航空航天局在加州帕薩迪納衛(wèi)星城的噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室監(jiān)控衛(wèi)星所收集到的數(shù)據(jù)拍攝的照片,非常清楚地顯示了太平洋的水平面,就像凹凸不平的床上有一根尺子一樣清楚。一份取自太平洋的水的樣本——水流量是北美五大湖的30倍——是白色的,這表明太平洋的水位比正常水位高了13英寸。
厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象專家依然在盡力解決這個(gè)大問題。是什么引致了過去二十年反常的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象?一些人認(rèn)為因?yàn)槿驕厥倚?yīng),加快了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的形成,也增強(qiáng)了每一次的力度。支持溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的專家,包括凱文·特倫貝斯,位于科羅拉多州博爾德的美國國家大氣研究中心的氣候分析員。“有證據(jù)表明1979年以前溫室效應(yīng)的影響并不明顯,但現(xiàn)在卻開始爆發(fā)了。”他說。
另外兩方的爭(zhēng)論已提到日程上來。理論之一是,比較近的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象不過是自然氣候即興重復(fù)的一個(gè)段落而已,只是我們很久沒有聽到這段調(diào)子,聽不出音調(diào)的變化了。其中一個(gè)問題是20世紀(jì)70年代之前,關(guān)于厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的歷史資料比較粗略,而再后退50年就基本沒有資料了。如果追溯更遠(yuǎn)些,珊瑚的化石證據(jù)表明厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的某些東西已經(jīng)改變了。加拉帕戈斯島的煤化石證據(jù)表明大約4000年前,厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象大約60年左右才出現(xiàn)一次。樹的年輪、冰輪的研究證明了后來厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象以七年為周期的,仍然比現(xiàn)在的每三年或四年發(fā)生一次的頻率要低得多。
其他的解釋?相關(guān)記錄足以表明我們正處于過去100年以來厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象頻繁發(fā)生的第二個(gè)階段。第一階段是在20世紀(jì)20年代和30年代,而且很可能對(duì)風(fēng)沙侵蝕區(qū)負(fù)有責(zé)任,當(dāng)時(shí)干旱摧毀了俄克拉荷馬州和德克薩斯州南部。第二階段似乎開始于1976年。這些變化似乎應(yīng)該歸因于太平洋自然變暖的時(shí)期。太平洋變暖并不一定導(dǎo)致厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象,但是卻肯定加重了它,因此導(dǎo)致了越來越嚴(yán)重的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)。
第一段:從一張衛(wèi)星拍攝的照片出發(fā),對(duì)之進(jìn)行了描繪,引出了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象。
第二段:指出一方觀點(diǎn)——全球溫室效應(yīng)造成厄爾尼諾發(fā)生。
第三段:指出另一觀點(diǎn)——厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象是大自然氣候反復(fù)的一個(gè)表現(xiàn)。
第四段:提出第三種解釋。
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