Part C
　　 Directions:
　　 Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　一、經(jīng)濟學史
　　Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
　　Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
　　Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
　　 Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.
　　答案
　　46.其他領域的研究也有助于對此的理解：心理學和倫理學試圖解釋目標是如何形成的，歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標的變化，社會學則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
　　47.第一個領域，價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學，解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。
　　48.因為，按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預算赤字。
　　49.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見，認為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。
　　50.在中世紀，羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學思想表達在其教法中，教法譴責從借貸中獲利的行為，并認為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
　　總體分析
　　本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟學的研究發(fā)展歷史。
　　第一段：經(jīng)濟學的定義及研究對象。
　　第二、三段：經(jīng)濟學的兩大領域：微觀經(jīng)濟學和宏觀經(jīng)濟學。
　　第四、五段：經(jīng)濟學研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。

　　試題精解
　　46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是：并列分句、后置定語。
　　該句子中冒號后是并列的三個簡單句。第一個分句中how引導的從句做explain的賓語;第二個和第三個分句中都有介詞in的短語做后置定語，翻譯時應提前。
　　詞匯方面：contribute to意為“是……的原因;增進，有助于”;knowledge意為“知識;知曉，了解”，文中活譯為“對…的理解”。
　　47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是：賓語從句、狀語。
　　句子的主干是The first explains how…。主語后的名詞短語price theory or microeconomics是其同位語，因此翻譯the first時，應增譯為“第一個領域”。how引導賓語從句，其主干是the interplay … creates …。介詞短語in competitive markets做地點狀語，翻譯時應前置。
　　詞匯方面：interplay意為“相互影響”;a multitude of意為“許多的，大量的”;individual意為“個別的，單獨的， 個人的”;margin意為“(時間、空間、金錢的)余地”，profit margin指“利潤空間”。
　　48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是：詞性轉換。
　　該句是包含原因狀語從句的復合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表語由并列連詞either … or…連接。
　　詞匯方面：indicated是過去分詞用做形容詞，動詞indicate意為“表明，暗示，提及，建議”，根據(jù)上下文indicated譯為“建議的”。more investment，more spending和larger budget deficits是形容詞比較級加名詞，根據(jù)漢語習慣轉換成動詞加名詞的搭配，即“擴大投資”、“增加開支”和“增加預算赤字”。
　　49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是：定語從句、分詞做狀語。
　　主句是Aristotle and … wrote about problems …，后面接有both of whom引導的定語從句，采用拆譯法單獨成句。句子比較后的分詞結構feeling that …在定語從句中做狀語，翻譯時也應單獨成句，that后引導的是賓語從句，做feeling的賓語。
　　詞匯方面：be prejudiced against意為“對…有偏見”，undesirable意為“不想要的，不得人心的”。
　　50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是：非謂語動詞作后置定語、定語從句。
　　該句含有which引導的非限定性從句做定語，翻譯時拆開單獨成句，并重復先行詞，做從句的主語。
　　詞匯方面：condemn意為“譴責”，taking of interest是動名詞結構，可增譯為“獲利的行為”。
　　全文翻譯
　　正如大家所知道的，經(jīng)濟學是與生產(chǎn)、分配、交換和消費物品和服務相關的社會科學。經(jīng)濟學家關注個人、群體、商業(yè)企業(yè)和政府試圖有效地實現(xiàn)他們選定的任何經(jīng)濟目標的方式。其他領域的研究也有助于對此的理解：心理學和倫理學試圖解釋目標是如何形成的，歷史學記錄著人們所追求的目標的變化，社會學則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
　　規(guī)范的經(jīng)濟學可分為兩大主要的領域。第一個領域，價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學，解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。微觀經(jīng)濟學認為人的行為是理性的。消費者努力以能帶來比較大愉悅的方式花費他們的收入。按經(jīng)濟學家所說，他們使效用比較大化。對企業(yè)家而言，他們從經(jīng)營中尋求比較大的利潤。
　　第二個領域，宏觀經(jīng)濟學，是涉及國民收入和就業(yè)的現(xiàn)代理論。宏觀經(jīng)濟學比較早可追述到英國經(jīng)濟學家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯1935年所著的《就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論》一書。他對繁榮和蕭條的解釋圍繞消費者、商業(yè)投資者和政府對貨物或服務的總體需求。因為，按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預算赤字。
　　經(jīng)濟問題一直以來都占據(jù)著人們的思想。古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見，認為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。羅馬人從希臘人那里借用了經(jīng)濟學思想，對經(jīng)商同樣不屑一顧。在中世紀，
　　羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學思想表達在其教法中，教法譴責從借貸中獲利的行為，并認為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
　　經(jīng)濟學作為一門現(xiàn)代研究學科，區(qū)別于道德哲學和政治學，可追述到蘇格蘭哲學家兼經(jīng)濟學家亞當·斯密1776年著的《國民財富的性質和原因的研究》。重商主義和重農(nóng)主義是斯密的古典經(jīng)濟學及其19世紀后繼者(新古典經(jīng)濟學)的理論先驅。