自考研英語考試改革后,語法已經(jīng)不再作為單獨考查的內(nèi)容,但是它卻無時無刻不貫穿在整個英語考卷中,以各種形式來考查考生的語言基礎(chǔ)能力。完形填空題會直接考查語法知識;而占考試比重比較大的閱讀理解和翻譯,不僅閱讀量較大,而且出現(xiàn)各種各樣的長難句,這些長難句由于單詞多,成分復(fù)雜,語序顛倒或成分省略,往往對考生具有極大的殺傷力。因此,如何提高對長難句的理解能力,就成為我們突破考研,贏取高分的秘笈所在。
我們知道,每道真題都是經(jīng)過許多專家精心編纂、深思熟慮、反復(fù)論證才比較終出現(xiàn)在考生面前的。我們反復(fù)研究真題典型例句,目的就在于探求其出題點及熟練掌握各種語法應(yīng)用,逐漸將長難句一一突破。
I。長難句特點剖析:
要應(yīng)對長難句,就要了解其特點,所謂知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)百勝。分析歷年長難句,將其主要特點總結(jié)如下:
特點一:句子長,字數(shù)多
例如:
Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(41 words)(2003完形)
From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders。(45 words)(2007閱讀3)
Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong。(45 words)(2009閱讀3)
特點二:成分多,分析難
1。成分復(fù)雜
例如:
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (2002閱讀4)
其中包含although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句、that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、條件狀語從句,又包含there be句型,以及各種非謂語動詞的使用等。
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (2003閱讀3)
其中包含時間狀語從句、it作形式主語、賓語從句、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)、讓步狀語從句以及主語從句。
2。分隔結(jié)構(gòu)
例如:
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “ownshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. (2001閱讀5)
謂語discovered與其后的賓語從句that abandoning…and making…brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status被as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句分隔。
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp. and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (2007閱讀4)
主語Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year與謂語have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities被介詞短語作的伴隨狀語分隔,分隔部分作主句的補充說明。
3。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
例如:
On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. (2008-48)
乍一看,很多學(xué)生會誤以為as well founded是accept的并列謂語,但又注意到founded是過去式或過去分詞的形式,而accept用的是原形,因此排除并列謂語的可能。那么as well founded 作什么成分?實際上經(jīng)過分析,本句使用了倒裝(參見倒裝章節(jié)),提前了賓語補足語as well founded(有根據(jù)的),這是由于賓語charge包含了一個后置定語以及一個同位語從句,因句子過長作者調(diào)整了語序。
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. (1995閱讀5)
本句中,否定詞nor提在句首,if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句作分隔結(jié)構(gòu),主語management和系動詞is間發(fā)生了倒裝。
4。各種省略的使用
例如:
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002-65)
該句子中,Until these issues are resolved是時間狀語從句;a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected是句子的主干;and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems該部分顯然是并列句,但是在該部分中,with it中的代詞指代a technology of behavior,這種結(jié)構(gòu)常常翻譯成“隨之”,但是,the only way to solve our problems作什么成分?經(jīng)過分析,這里面省略了謂語(參見省略章節(jié)),這是由于在并列分句中,后一分句與前一分句如果有相同成分,那么相同成分可以被省略。本題中,完整的語句應(yīng)為the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。
II。長難句攻關(guān)
一、長難句攻關(guān)第一步:熟悉各大語法要素的重點難點
無論長難句句子有多長、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的,也就是詞、短語、從句和分句。定位長難句我們可以從它的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、表現(xiàn)形式(從句、并列結(jié)構(gòu)、分隔現(xiàn)象),以及一些特殊句型(省略、倒裝)等入手。因此,具有扎實過硬的語法功底,并熟悉各大語法要素的重點難點,是我們解決長難句的基礎(chǔ)。
各大語法要素的重點難點總結(jié)如下:
1。定語從句要明確主句與從句之間的關(guān)系以及關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的指代;
2。名詞性從句要掌握主句與從句之間的關(guān)系以及同位語從句的修飾補充作用;
3。狀語從句要重視主句與從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系;
4。非謂語動詞要熟悉其功能和作用以及與主句之間的關(guān)系;
5。被動語態(tài)要清楚句子中的施動者和受動者;
6。倒裝句要抓住句子的主體以及強調(diào)的重點;
7。省略句要重視被省略的成分在句子中傳達的信息;
8。并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)要分析兩個并列分句之間的語義關(guān)系;
9。否定句要區(qū)別其意義上全部否定或者部分否定的表達;
10。比較結(jié)構(gòu)要找出互比的對象以及比較內(nèi)容;
11。分隔要注重被分隔部分的正確連接等。
二、長難句攻關(guān)第二步:按照語法結(jié)構(gòu)要素拆分長難句
考研英語中的長難句一般涉及如下幾種重要的語法項目:定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、非謂語動詞、被動語態(tài)、比較結(jié)構(gòu)、否定句、虛擬語氣等。我們可根據(jù)以下幾個原則將長難句拆成各個語法分項,逐一擊破。
(一)并列轉(zhuǎn)折原則
長難句由于句子較長,多表現(xiàn)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 我們可以以破折號、分號、并列連詞and或or、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but,yet,while等為切入點,將各個長句斷為分句。
(二)主句從句原則
各種從句的交替出現(xiàn)是長難句的顯著特點之一,我們可以從各種從句的標志性引導(dǎo)詞入手(定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或副詞who, whom, whose, which, that, as, when, where, why, how; 名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞who, whom, which, what, that, whether, when, where, why, how等;狀語從句的when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, though, although, so that等)將各個分句斷為主句和從句。
(三)短語成分原則
無論是主句還是從句,都是由詞和短語構(gòu)成的。這其中,介詞短語或者不定式短語由于充當(dāng)定語或狀語的枝葉成分而成為我們解決的重點。常見的介詞有on, in, with, at, of, to,by等;而不定式短語的標志詞是to(后接動詞原型)。找出并暫時去掉介詞短語或不定式短語能幫助我們迅速抓住句子的主干,而將其妥善還原,則有利于對句子的正確理解。
下面以具體實例來說明這三個步驟的結(jié)合應(yīng)用。
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe。(2005-46)
首先,我們應(yīng)用并列轉(zhuǎn)折原則:
本句的并列轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系在破折號和and處體現(xiàn),以其為切入點,得到兩個并列分句
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed
—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe。
然后,根據(jù)主句從句原則:
本句前一分句有引導(dǎo)定語從句的標志性關(guān)系代詞which,在此處劃分,得到主句和從句
Television is one of the means
by which these feelings are created and conveyed
比較后,按照短語成分原則:
本句中,后一分句末尾出現(xiàn)了to connect,即不定式結(jié)構(gòu),在標志詞to處斷開,得到
—and perhaps never before has it served so much as in the recent events in Europe
to connect different peoples and nations
將拆分步驟的思路理清,總結(jié):
1。本句包含兩個并列分句,這兩個分句是順承關(guān)系:
第一分句為Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed;
第二個分句為and perhaps never before has it served so much as in the recent events in Europe。
2。前一分句中,表語means由關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾:
Television is one of the means 是主句;
by which these feelings are created and conveyed是定語從句,關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞means在從句中作介詞by的賓語。
3。后一分句中,包含一個不定式結(jié)構(gòu):
to connect different peoples and nations 是不定式短語,在句子中作目的狀語。
三、長難句攻關(guān)第三步:將斷句重新排序并選擇詞義
我們?nèi)砸圆襟E二的真題為例,在將其斷句并清晰了解各語法構(gòu)成要素之后,我們需要對其重新排序。一般說來,一個句子首先體現(xiàn)的是時間先后順序,我們要按照“過去—現(xiàn)在—未來”的原則來排序。其次體現(xiàn)的是邏輯順序,這主要指并列結(jié)構(gòu)和從句的排列,其中并列結(jié)構(gòu)一般按原句順序直譯,而對從句來說,斷句后再組的順序則有所調(diào)整。
如果是定語從句,主句若明顯比定語從句長,并且傳達信息的權(quán)重明顯強于定語從句,那么將定語從句翻譯在主句中被修飾的名詞前,用以突出主句的重要性,即合譯法;若定語從句明顯比主句長,并且傳達信息的權(quán)重明顯強于主句,那么將定語從句單獨翻譯成一個句子,用以突出定語從句的重要性,即分譯法。
如果是名詞性從句,我們可以按照其位置順序翻譯,但是同位語從句多是對先行詞進行修飾或者補充,一般采取分譯法;而對于狀語從句,則采取簡短的狀語從句放在被修飾的動詞前面,復(fù)雜的狀語從句放在主句的前面或者后面的原則。
再次體現(xiàn)的是語態(tài),英語中被動語態(tài)也是一個大的語法點,由于漢語和英語的表達區(qū)別,我們經(jīng)常將英語被動表達的語句翻譯成漢語的主動態(tài)語句,當(dāng)然,有時被動表達的英語語句也可以直接翻譯成漢語的“被”字句或添加一些表示被動的詞組。在重新排序之后,接下來的步驟就是根據(jù)上下文進行正確的詞義選擇,明確各種指代關(guān)系,將長難句以通順地漢語表達出來。
以上面的真題為例:
Television is one of the means翻譯成“電視是眾多手段之一”;
by which these feelings are created and conveyed是定語從句,關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞means,與by連用在句中作方式狀語,翻譯成“通過這些手段產(chǎn)生并表達這些感情”,由于該定語從句較簡單,可以放在被修飾的先行詞之前;
—and perhaps never before has it served so much as in the recent events in Europe是并列句,翻譯成“并且或許沒有像在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中一樣起過如此重大作用”,以and相連,順序直譯;
to connect different peoples and nations是不定式短語作目的狀詞,翻譯成“在聯(lián)系不同民族和國家方面”,按照漢語習(xí)慣,目的狀語一般放在主句之前。
在選擇詞義方面,句中created原義是“創(chuàng)造”,conveyed原義是“傳遞”,在本句中使用了被動語態(tài),受動者為these feelings,因此,該動詞翻譯為“產(chǎn)生并表達(這些感情)”;connect 原義是“連接”,但其對應(yīng)的賓語是peoples and nations(民族和國家),因此,該動詞翻譯為“聯(lián)系”。
全句可翻譯為:電視是產(chǎn)生和表達這些感受的手段之一——在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中,它把不同的民族和國家聯(lián)系在一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
可見,通過不同語法結(jié)構(gòu)的不同的“信號詞”可以讓我們快速地將結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長難句切割斷句成為幾個清晰的短句,實現(xiàn)化繁為簡。排序使我們可以清晰地理解語句傳達的信息,并通順地表達。明確指代關(guān)系及正確選擇詞義使我們的翻譯準確,符合語境。
綜上所述,無論語句多長,只要我們具備扎實的語法基礎(chǔ),找準長難句的突破口,明確其分析步驟,就能攻克考研英語的各個難關(guān)。
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