2009年：  
　　1. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。 
　　譯文：可以說，衡量任何社會制度的價值在于它對擴大和改進經驗的影響，但是這種影響并不是它比較初動機的組成部分。 
　　2. Only gradually was the by�瞤roduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。 
　　譯文：只有逐步才能注意到一種制度的副作用，而要承認這種副作用是執(zhí)行該制度的一種規(guī)定性因素則更加緩慢。 
　　3. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults 。 
　　譯文：在和年輕人交往時，我們容易忽略自己的行為對他們性格的影響，但是在與成人打交道時卻并不如此容易。 
　　4. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。 
　　譯文：既然我們的主要任務是讓年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住要考慮是否我們正在形成獲得這種能力的力量。 
　　5. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling。 
　　譯文：因此，我們要在從一直考慮的整個教育過程中辨認出一種比較正規(guī)的教育——直接教育或者學校教育。 
　　2008年： 
　　1. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。 
　　譯文：他 達爾文 認為，正是這種困難起了彌補作用，使他長時間專注地思考每個句子，從而能在推理和親自觀察中發(fā)現自己的錯誤。 
　　2. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics。 
　　譯文：他還認為，在深入理解冗長且完全抽象的一系列觀點方面，自己的能力非常有限；因此，他曾深信自己在數學方面本來就不該獲得成功。 
　　3. On the other hand , he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning。 
　　譯文：另一方面，一些批評家指責說，盡管他善于觀察，但卻不能推理，他對此既不接受且認為毫無根據。 
　　4.He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully�！� 
　　譯文：他謙虛地補充說，或許他“和普通人相比，更能注意到他們容易忽略的細節(jié)，更能對這些細節(jié)進行仔細觀察”。 
　　5. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character。 
　　譯文：達爾文認為，失去對音樂和繪畫方面的興趣，不僅失去了幸福，還可能損傷智力，甚至更可能敗壞道德。

　　2007年： 
　　1. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person。
　　譯文：傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學習法律看作是律師專有的特權，而不是每個受過教育的人所必備的一部分知識才能。
　　2. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news。www.examda.com
取與新聞記者在報道和評論新聞時一樣的聯系方式，法律把這些觀念同日常生活實際聯系了起來。
　　3. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media。
　　譯文：但是，新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻地了解法律，這種觀點是基于對新聞媒體既定習俗和特殊責任的認識基礎之上的。
　　4. In fact , it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian constitution can do a competent job on political stories。
　　譯文：事實上，那些沒有清楚把握加拿大憲法基本特征的新聞記者是如何能夠勝任政治新聞報道工作的，要想明白這一點是非常困難的。
　　5. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments。
　　譯文：雖然律師提供的評論和反饋可能會豐富報道的內容，但是新聞記者憑借自己的重要觀點做出自己的判斷則更加難能可貴。
　　2006年：
　　1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底)way about moral problems。
　　譯文：我認為，知識分子的定義是這樣的：他選擇使用蘇格拉底式的方式來思考道德問題，將此作為自己人生的首要任務，并從中獲得樂趣。
　　2. His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision。
　　譯文：他的職責與法官相似，要盡可能清楚明白地展示自己作出決定的推理過程，這是他必須承擔的責任。
　　3. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems 。
　　譯文：我將普通科學家排除在外的原因是，盡管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問題，但是他承擔的任務只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面而已。
　　4. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business。
　　譯文：但是，正如我們并不期望商人專注于探索商業(yè)行為的準則一樣，普通科學家的首要任務也不是考慮支配自己行為的道德規(guī)范。
　　5. They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment。
　　譯文：知識分子可能很善于教書，而且不僅僅是為了掙錢。但是，對于涉及道德判斷的人類問題，他們大多數人很少或者根本沒有進行獨立思考。

　　2005年： 
　　1. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe。
　　譯文：電視是引發(fā)和傳播這些感受的方式之一——在連接不同民族和國家之間的關系方面，電視以前也許還從來沒有像在歐洲比較近發(fā)生的事件中那樣，起過如此重大的作用。
　　2. In Europe , as elsewhere multi�瞞edia groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another 。
　　譯文：像其他地方一樣，歐洲的多媒體集團變得越來越成功，他們把相互之間關系密切的電視、廣播、報紙、雜志、出版社組合在一起。
　　3. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989。
　　譯文：僅這一點就足以表明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存不是一件容易的事情；有統(tǒng)計數字進一步說明了這個事實，在1989年歐洲80個電視網中，有50%以上的出現了虧損。
　　4. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice。
　　譯文：不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織在一起，要創(chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲特征”絕非易事，需要做出戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。
　　5. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale , it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
　　譯文：在應對如此規(guī)模挑戰(zhàn)的過程中，可以毫不夸張地說：“聯合，我們就勝利；分裂，我們就失敗”。
　　2004年：
　　1. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought ， which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be。
　　譯文：希臘人認為，語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯系。早在人們認識到語言可能是千差萬別的之前，這種觀點就在歐洲扎下了根。
　　2. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished， as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages。
　　譯文：我們非常感激他們，因為隨著講這些語言的民族的消亡或者被同化，這些民族也就喪失了自己的本族語言，其中一些語言在此之后就不復存在了。
　　3. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data。
　　譯文：新近被描述的語言與已被充分研究過的歐洲語言和東南亞語言明顯不同，因此有些學者甚至指責博爾斯和薩皮爾的資料是編造出來的。
　　4. Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought ，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 。
　　譯文：由于對語言與思維的關系非常感興趣，沃夫形成了這樣一個觀點： 語言結構決定一個社會的習慣思維結構。
　　5. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far�瞨eaching consequences for the culture of a society。
　　譯文：沃夫進而相信某種類似語言決定論的觀點，該觀點極端地認為： 語言束縛思維，語言的語法結構能夠對一個社會的文化產生深遠的影響。

　　2003年：
　　1. Furthermore ，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live， thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies。
　　譯文：而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而使其他所有形式的生命服從與他們自己特有的想法和想象。
　　2. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena。
　　譯文：社會科學是知識探索的一個分支，它試圖像自然科學家研究自然現象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和客觀的方式來研究人類及其行為。
　　3. The emphasis on data gathered firsthand ， combined with a cross�瞔ultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science。
　　譯文：強調收集第一手資料，并在分析過去和現在的文化時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特的、非常重要的社會科學。
　　4. Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”。
　　譯文：泰勒把文化定義為“……一個復合整體，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術、道德、法律、風俗以及其他的能力和習慣”。
　　5. Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture” ，like the concept of “set” in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding。
　　譯文：因此，人類學中的“文化”的概念，就像數學中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念，它使得大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。
　　或者：因此，就像數學中“集”的概念一樣，人類學中的“文化”的概念是一個抽象概念，它使得大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。
　　2002年：
　　1. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on 。
　　譯文：難題之一在于幾乎所有的所謂行為科學仍然是從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去探究行為的根源。
　　2. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find 。
　　譯文：行為科學之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分地是因為對行為的解釋好像經常可以直接觀察到，部分地是因為一直難以找到其他的解釋。
　　3. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago , and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied。
　　譯文：自然選擇在進化中的作用僅僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而對于環(huán)境在塑造和維持個體行為中的選擇作用則剛剛才開始得到認識和研究。
　　4. They are the possessions of the autonomous self�瞘overning man of traditional theory , and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。
　　譯文：自由和尊嚴是傳統(tǒng)理論中自主人所擁有的東西，也是一個人在對自己的行為負責并因其成就而受到贊揚的實踐中所必不可少的東西。
　　5. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems 。
　　譯文：除非這些問題得到解決，否則行為科學將會繼續(xù)受到排斥，隨之，唯一有可能解決問題的方法也將受到排斥。

　　2001年
　　1. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots ， and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。
　　譯文：屆時將會出現由機器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目，也會有裝備著污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，一旦汽車的排污超標，監(jiān)控器就會使其停駛。
　　2. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips ， computers with in�瞓uilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools ， relaxation will be in front of smell�瞭elevision， and digital age will have arrived。
　　譯文：兒童將會與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內置的計算機將成為 人們的 工友而非工具，人們將在氣味電視前休閑，屆時數字時代就到來了。
　　3. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place 。
　　譯文：皮爾遜把世界各地數百位研究人員的成果匯集在一起，制成了一個具有獨特技術的千年歷，我們有望從中看到數百項重大突破和發(fā)現的比較晚日期。
　　4. But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man�瞞achine integration : “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century ”。
　　譯文：但是皮爾遜指出，這個突破僅僅只是人機一體化的開始：它是人機一體化漫長道路的第一步，到下個世紀末之前，將會比較終研制出完全電子化的仿真人。
　　5. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage 。
　　譯文：家用電器將會變得智能化，以至于對它們的控制和操作將會引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂熱癥。
　　2000年：
　　1. Under modern conditions ，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts 。
　　譯文：在現代條件下，這要求不同程度的中央控制，因此需要獲得專業(yè)科學家的幫助，例如經濟學家和運籌學領域的專家。
　　2. Furthermore ，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry ，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 。
　　譯文：此外，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經濟實力與其工農業(yè)的生產效率直接相關，而工農業(yè)生產效率的提高又有賴于各類科學家和技術人員的努力。
　　3. Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications ，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas， while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above 。
　　譯文：大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，使各地的人們感到有新的需求，也接觸到一些新的習俗和觀念，基于上述原因，政府常常得推出更進一步的革新。
　　4. In the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the far�瞨eaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century ， whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so 。
　　譯文：早期實現工業(yè)化的歐洲國家，其工業(yè)化的進程——以及隨之而來的所有意義深遠的社會結構變革——持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，然而，如今一個發(fā)展中國家10年左右就可能經歷這樣一個過程。
　　5. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements�瞭hemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 。
　　譯文：人口的猛增，或者大量的人口流動 如今，現代交通手段使得這種流動相對容易起來 產生的問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
　　或者：如今，現代交通手段使得大量的人口流動變得相對容易起來；人人口猛增或者大量人口流動產生的問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
　　——節(jié)選自《考研英語——全程備考實用手冊》