練習

I．Cloze

A single night of taking the drug Ecstasy can cause serious brain damage and hasten the ___1___ of Parkinson's disease, scientists say. Just two to three Ecstasy tablets-a quantity that thousands of clubbers take during raves-can permanently __2____ brain cells that affect movement and ___3___, according to American research that ­___4___ the drug to Parkinson's for the first time.

A study by a team at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, ___5___ monkeys and baboons found that both species of primate __6____ irreversible damage to key cells __7___ dopamine neurons, which are lost in Parkinson's, after receiving three low doses of Ecstasy at three-hour ___8___.

The study is particularly significant because baboons are one of the best animal models for the human ___9___. George Ricaurte, who led the research, said that widespread ___10___ of the drug may already be ___11___ victims of such neurological damage. "The most troubling ____12__ is that young adults using Ecstasy may be ___13___ their risk for developing Parkinsonism as they get older."

Alan Leshner, a former director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, said: "This study emphasizes the multi-faceted damage that Ecstasy can do ___14___ users. We've long known that repeated use damages serotonin brain cells. This study shows that even very __15____ use can have long-lasting effects __16___ many different brain systems. It sends an important message to young people: don't ___17___with your own brain."

Janet Betts, the Essex mother whose daughter Leah died after a single Ecstasy tablet in 1995, said: "This comes as no ___18___. People can't see the effects at first, and they're in permanent denial, saying it's not going to happen to them. But we'll see the ___19___ later, just as we have __20____ smoking.

1. [A]outset [B] onset [C]outcome [D]opening

2. [A] destroy [B]demolish [C]ruin [D]wreck

3. [A]intuition [B]understanding [C] reasoning [D]judgment

4. [A]connect [B] links [C]combine [D]unite

5. [A] involving [B]taken [C]involved [D]engrossing

6. [A]made [B]did [C] suffered [D]escaped

7. [A]marked [B]titled [C]naming [D] called

8. [A]time [B]process [C]intermission [D] intervals

9. [A]body [B]heart [C] brain [D]head

10. [A]disuse [B]ill-use [C]misuse [D] abuse

11. [A]requiring [B] claiming [C]doing [D]enduring

12. [A]suggestion [B] implication [C]insinuation [D]intimation

13. [A]enlarging [B]extending [C] increasing [D]expanding

14. [A] to [B]with [C]as [D]for

15. [A]irregular [B]sparse [C] occasional [D]insufficient

16. [A]to [B] on [C]with [D]in

17. [A]do [B]make [C]use [D] experiment

18. [A]amazement [B]astoundment [C]astonishment [D] surprise

19. [A] symptoms [B]signs [C]tokens [D]marks

20. [A]to [B] with [C]as [D]in

II. Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

Passage One

LONDON - Among people who have had blood clots, men are twice as likely as women to have them again after finishing treatment, according to an analysis of several studies.

"Gender may need to be considered when deciding how long patients should be treated with blood thinners," said Dr. Simon McRae, principal author of a paper published Friday in the medical journal Lancet.

McRae is a doctor with the department of hematology and oncology at Queen Elizabeth hospital in Woodville, Australia. He and his colleagues analyzed 15 studies in a review that considered approximately 5,400 people who had discontinued medication three to six months after having a blood clot.

Blood clots, or thrombosis, are thought to affect 1 in every 1,000 people. The clots develop in veins of the legs, which then get dislodged and can travel to the heart or lungs, potentially causing cardiac or pulmonary failure.

The condition has also been called "economy class syndrome," since remaining immobile for long stretches of time, for example during long-haul flights, is a known risk factor.

There is no discernible difference in the risk of a first blood clot between men and women. When it comes to recurrent thrombosis, however, McRae concludes that men appear to be statistically at higher risk.

McRae said that the discrepancy is significant enough that physicians should take gender into account when treating patients.

"The real potential of this study is that it will help doctors determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners," he said.

Researchers are still trying to determine why men are more susceptible to recurrent blood clots than women. They believe physiological, genetic or hormonal variations might play a role.

"We know that diseases manifest in different ways between men and women," said Dr. Sidney Smith, director of the center for cardiovascular science at the University of North Carolina. "The next step is to design a prospective study so that we can see if these observed differences are actually real."

In an accompanying commentary in the Lancet, scientists in Italy conclude that "it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length of treatment on blood-thinners."

"There is a lot of data available that could be examined in more detail," said Dr. Sania Nishtar, founder of Heart file, a health-policy think tank in Pakistan, and frequent adviser to the World Health organization. "The Lancet study may not have found any definitive answers, but what it has done is to flag important research questions," said Nishtar.

1.  The spread of the blood clots has been called "economy class syndrome" due to the consideration of its _____
[A] cause
[B] cost
[C] time
[D] result

2.  The "cardiac" failure means the failure of ____
[A] lungs
[B] heart
[C] legs
[D] Blood

3.  In the researchers' view, which of the following can not explain why men are more likely to be affected with recurrent blood clots than women? ______  
[A] They have different characteristics in the functioning of their organisms.
[B] They are affected by different genes.
[C] They are different in their life styles.
[D] They have different levels of hormone.

4.  Which one of the following is not true according to the passage? ______
[A] Physicians should take gender into account when treating patients.
[B]The blood clots usually occur firstly in veins of the legs.
[C]Men and women have different risk in the infection of a first blood clot.
[D]The doctors still can not rely on patients' sex to determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners.

5.  Which is Dr. Sania Nishtar's comment on the Lancet study? ____
[A] The study has found out all the answers for the difference in the risk of blood clot between men and women
[B] The study has helped doctors determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners
[C] The study is meaningless since it had not found out any definitive answers
[D] The study has found out no definitive answers, but it is still quite valuable of the future research.

Passage Two

Many Americans often reach for a sugary, caffeineated soda to quench their thirst. But aside from the increased risk of obesity and diabetes, regular consumption of cola might lead to lower bone mineral density in older women and increase their risk of osteoporosis, according to a new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Katherine Tucker, director of Tuft University's Epidemiology and Dietary Assessment Program, led her colleagues in a study that analyzed dietary questionnaires submitted by 1,125 men and 1,413 women between the ages of 29 and 86. Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers who were slightly overweight and, on average, men drank cola five times a week while women drank it four times a week. Density measurements show cola consumption significantly reduced bone mass in the hip regardless of the woman's age, menopausal status, intake of calcium and vitamin D and her history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Diet cola had a similar affect on women's bone density. By contrast, the bone density of male was not similarly affected.

What it means: A so-called silent disease, osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging. Four times as many women will develop osteoporosis than men and currently 10 million Americans suffer from it. But osteoporosis is preventable and the nearly 34 million Americans who have the potential to develop the disease can take steps to prevent it. Caffeine has been considered a risk factor for osteoporosis and phosphoric acid, found in cola, has been shown to reduce calcium absorption. Additionally, high fructose corn syrup might also weaken bone. It is important to note that at least one previous study showed a link between cola consumption and increases in the amount of calcium measured in urine.

This study shows that women are more sensitive to the effects of cola than men, but the mechanism is still unclear. Researchers ruled out the possibility that cola replaces healthier beverages, such as milk, in the diet that might lead to lower bone density. And to the point of gender, they suggest that more physical activity, a diet higher in calcium and different hormone levels might help protect males from the downside of drinking cola. Until further research is done, however, women (and men) can keep their bones strong with regular weight-bearing exercise and high intake of calcium and vitamin D.

1. What is true about the participants took part in the dietary questionnaires carried out by Katherine Tucker and her colleagues? ______
[A] They were all former smokers.
[B] They are fat heavy drinkers.
[C] They suffered similarly from the drinking of cola.
[D] They were all regular cola drinkers.

2. Generally speaking, why women will suffer more from the downside of drinking cola than men? ______
[A] Because women have less physical activity.
[B] Because women will decline more quickly than men when getting older.
[C] Because women's diet is usually lower in calcium.
[D] Both A and C

3. A silent disease (in the first sentence of paragraph three) means____
[A] a disease that makes you dumb
[B] a disease that can not defend itself
[C] a disease that comes to us as time flows
[D] a disease that should not be mentioned

4. Which one of the following is false according to the passage? ______
[A] Diet cola reduces women's bone density as much as common cola.
[B] It is commonly accepted that people will suffer from osteoporosis more possibly when they are getting older.
[C] The researchers believe that sometimes cola can replace milk while not lead to lower bone density.
[D] Women can resort to exercises to keep their bone strong.

5. According to the passage, which opinion is true? ____
[A] Regular consumption of cola might lead to lower bone mineral density in younger women.
[B] It is already clear why women are more sensitive to the effects of cola than men.
[C] Cola consumption can reduce same bone mass in the hip of any woman.
[D] Men's intake of calcium would not be reduced by Cola consumption.練習答案與題解

I．Cloze

1. [B]
outset和opening表示開端，起始； onset一般表示（壞事）的開始，動手；outcome指結果，成果；文中此處講的是帕金森氏癥的開始，所以用onset比較合適。

2. [A]
destroy 強調以具有摧毀或殺傷性的力量把某物徹底毀掉；demolish 尤其適用摧毀象建筑物之類的龐大物體，詞義引伸后可以表示推翻已經確立了的理論等；wreck 尤其適用于表示碰毀、撞壞，詞義引伸之后，wreck 通常表示抽象含義的徹底毀掉，這時可與ruin換用；ruin 亦指徹底毀掉，但不含有以某種摧毀性的力量進行破壞，而含有在一定的過程中逐漸毀掉的意思。文中此處說的是搖頭丸對腦細胞的殺傷情況，所以應選擇destroy。

3. [C]
intuition是對諸如真理或事實的洞察力或理解力，而不牽扯理性的過程；understanding  是某人理解認知的能力，常帶有從運用中獲得的理解力之意；reason是指通過理性且邏輯地思考并作出推理的能力；judgment是對形勢或環(huán)境的估計并作出正確結論的能力。此處說搖頭丸除了會影響動作，還會影響人們的理性思維能力，所以選reason。

4. [B]
此題根據后面的介詞to應選擇link，其他三個詞均需和介詞with搭配。

5. [A]
文中此處說的這項研究中選用的是猴子和狒狒，而且因為主語是study，所以應該用現在分詞表示主動含義，綜合考慮只能選用involving。

6. [C]
此處是說這兩種靈長類動物遭受了嚴重的傷害，因此選suffer。

7. [D]
此處是說這種主要的細胞被稱為多巴胺神經細胞，由于是被動含義，因此只能在過去分詞中選擇。mark表示作標記，title表示給予稱號尤其是頭銜，放在此處均不合適，所以選called。

8. [D]
由于前面的介詞at是因此排除選[A]和[B]的可能，intermission是表示暫�；蛲ｎD，不符合文義；interval表示時間間隔，同時可以和at搭配，所以選擇該詞。

9. [C]
前文一直在講吸食搖頭丸可能會對大腦造成的損傷，所以我們可以初步判斷此處可能該選用brain一詞，而根據常識，我們還知道狒狒和人類在腦結構方面比較相似，因此選[C]。

10. [D]
disuse是指"停用"；ill-use是指"虐待和凌辱"；misuse是指"誤用"，意思不符；abuse表示"濫用"。此處講的是濫用毒品的危險，所以選擇該詞。

11. [B]
claiming表示"索取，奪走"，暗指采用一種貌似合理的暴力手段取走，此處是指吸毒可能已經奪走了一些神經系統(tǒng)遭受重大傷害的無辜者的生命，所以選擇該詞，其他三項均不合文意。

12. [B]
suggestion指"通過聯想或思緒的聯系使想到某事"；hint指的是"通常包含線索的間接的或較隱密的暗示"；intimation指"反映出謹慎、技巧或保留的間接的、微妙的表達方式"；insinuation 指"以隱蔽的、委婉的或秘密的方式暗示"，通常是不愉快的事。而implication 的意思是"提出一個沒有明確表示的想法或主意"， 但可以從別的較明顯的事物，如聲明中推斷出來，符合上下文。

13. [C]
enlarge 指在大小、程度、容量或范圍等方面的擴大；extend 指加大空間、加長時間或擴大范圍；increase 應用范圍比較廣，有時指穩(wěn)定的增長；expand 指在大小、面積、容積、體積或范圍等方面的增長。這里是說隨著年齡的增加，吸毒的風險也在逐步升高，所以選increase。

14. [A]
do damage to sb.是固定搭配，意為"損害，破壞"。

15. [C]
根據上下文可以判斷出此處說的是即使偶爾使用毒品也會對大腦系統(tǒng)產生長久的影響，所以選[C]。

16. [B]
have effects on是固定搭配，意為"對......有影響"。

17. [D]
根據上下文可以判斷出此處說的是不要拿大腦作實驗，所以選[D]。

18. [D]
amazement表示"極度驚訝，困惑"；astoundment暗指"由于未經歷過的事情產生的震驚"；astonishment 表示"難以抵御的驚訝"；surprise 指的是"因其出乎意料或非同尋常而使人突然充滿好奇和不相信"。文中此處講的是這位母親早已預見到樂這種后果，所以一點不意外，所以選[D]。

19. [A]
sign是比較普通的用詞；token通常指無形事物的證據或證明；mark可以指一個可見的痕跡或印證，或指一個特別的特征或特點的顯示；而symptom 表示一個過程或狀態(tài)的外在顯示，尤指一個不利的狀態(tài)，符合文意。

20. [B]
此處的with表示"在...的過程中"，這句話是說吸食毒品的不良影響不會一下就表現出來，它的表現是一個緩慢的過程，就和吸煙一樣。類似的例句有We grow older with the hours.我們隨時光流逝而長大。

II. Reading Passages

Par A 閱讀理解

Passage One

[疑難長句翻譯與注解]

1. Gender may need to be considered when deciding how long patients should be treated with blood thinners.

[譯文]在決定病人應當使用多久的血液稀釋劑時，可能需要考慮一下病人的性別。

[注解]這句話中一直沒出現真正的施動者，在翻譯的時候可以選擇加或不加；如果不添加，必須將狀語提前。

2. He and his colleagues analyzed 15 studies in a review that considered approximately 5,400 people who had discontinued medication three to six months after having a blood clot.

[譯文] 在回顧檢查中，他和他的同事們分析了十五項研究，這些研究細心觀察了大約5400名血栓患者，這些患者在患病三到六個月后放棄了藥物治療。

[注解] 這句話有點復雜，句中that引導的是定語從句，先行詞是review；該詞后面的who引導的也是一個定語從句，先行詞是people，在翻譯時為了避免定語過長，要進行適當的拆分。

3. Blood clots, or thrombosis, are thought to affect 1 in every 1,000 people.

[譯文] 每一千人中會有一人患上血液堵塞，又稱為血栓癥。

[注解] 原文中用了被動語態(tài)，然而在中文中很不習慣用被動句來表達，因此，要進行主謂調整，在主語改變后，有時謂語也要作出一些相應的調整。在這句話中，由于主語變成了人，因此謂語只能說"患上"。

4.The next step is to design a prospective study so that we can see if these observed differences are actually real.

[譯文]下一步需要設計一項前瞻性調查，這樣我們就能知道是否真的存在這些觀測到的差異。

[注解] so that引導的是一個結果狀語從句，在這個從句中又包含了一個if引導的賓語從句，作see的賓語，這里的if不是指"如果"，而是表示"是否"。

5. In an accompanying commentary in the Lancet, scientists in Italy conclude that "it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length of treatment on blood-thinners."

[譯文] 在蘭瑟特醫(yī)學雜志發(fā)表的附隨評論中，意大利的科學家認為"依靠病人的性別來決定使用血液稀釋劑的時間長短還為時過早。"

[注解] 這句話中的accompanying是個形容詞，表示"陪伴的, 附隨的"；that引導的是一個賓語從句，作conclude的賓語；此句中的when引導的也是一個伴隨狀語，用法同while。

[參考答案及解析]

1. [C]
第九段的比較后一句話說，研究者們只是認為不同的生理基礎、不同的基因和荷爾蒙水準可能導致男性比女性更容易患血栓癥，并沒提到生活習慣的影響。

2. [A]
文章第五段說這種狀況被稱為"經濟艙綜合癥"，因為長時間保持不動彈，就像在長時間的飛行中那樣，是一個大家熟知的危險因素。因此我們可以判斷，考慮到病情的誘因，這種狀況被稱為"經濟艙綜合癥"。

3. [B]
文章第四段說"The clots develop in veins of the legs, which then get dislodged and can travel to the heart or lungs, potentially causing cardiac or pulmonary failure."根據句式的平行關系，我們可以發(fā)現cardiac 對應的是heart，pulmonary對應的是lungs.

4. [C]
第七段提出，內科醫(yī)師在治療時應該考慮性別的差異，所以[A]是正確的；第四段說血栓首先從腿部的血管開始，然后向其他繩梯部分擴散，隨意[B]是對的；文章第十一段指出"it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length" of treatment on blood-thinners."，所以[D]是正確的；第六段的第一句話說"There is no discernible difference in the risk of a first blood clot between men and women."所以該題選[C]。

5. [D]
文章的比較后一句話指出這項研究盡管沒有得出任何明確的答案，但是它標示出研究的重要問題所在，因此還是有意義的，所以[D]選項是正確的，并且我們也可以排除選[A]和[C]的可能。至于選項[B]，文章第十一段指出"it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length" of treatment on blood-thinners."所以不正確。

Passage Two

[疑難長句翻譯與注解]

1. But aside from the increased risk of ....American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[譯文] 美國臨床營養(yǎng)學雜志發(fā)表的一項比較新研究表示，經常飲用可樂類飲料除了會增加患肥胖癥和糖尿病的危險，還可能會降低年長女性骨質中的礦物質密度，并增加其患骨質疏松癥的危險。

[注解]這是一個簡單句，謂語部分由兩個并列動詞構成，分別時might lead to和increase；在翻譯這一句話時，要將狀語提前，這樣才符合中文的行文習慣；aside from表示"除......以外"。

2. Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers... four times a week.

 [譯文] 大體來看，參加者主要是略微超重的曾經吸煙者和適度飲酒者，而且平均而言，其中的男性每周飲用可樂類飲料五次，女性每周四次。

 [注解]這句話是個并列句。其中，who引導的是一個定語從句，先行詞是drinkers。連詞while連接了兩個并列分句，表示兩者情況的對比。

3. A so-called silent disease, osteoporosis is progressive and ....consequence of aging.

[譯文]所謂的無聲的病，骨質疏松癥，是日益嚴重的，常常被錯誤地理解成是衰老的一個自然結果。

[注解] 在這句話中，a so-called silent disease和osteoporosis是同位關系，可以相互補充說明；盡管這句話的謂語部分非常長，但仍然是個簡單句。

4. It is important to note that at least one previous study showed ...measured in urine.

[譯文]重要的是，我們注意到以前至少有一項研究表示可樂類飲料的飲用和尿液中含鈣量的增加是有聯系的。

[注解]這句話有點復雜，首先it是個形式主語，真正的主語是"to note that..."，而在這個真正的主語中，that引導的是個賓語從句，作note的賓語。因為真正的主語過長，為了避免頭重腳輕，作者選用形式主語。

5. And to the point of gender, they suggest that more physical activity, ...of drinking cola.

[譯文] 就性別而言，他們（研究者們）表示，更多的體力活動、飲食中含有更高的鈣、不同的荷爾蒙含量使男性可以免受可樂類飲料的負面影響。

[注解] 這句話中，to the point of常用來表示"達到......的程度"，此處意為"就......而言"；that引導的是一個賓語從句，作suggest的賓語。此句的suggest，意為"表明，說明"，因此從句不使用虛擬語氣。

[參考答案及解析]

1. [D]
從句子"Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers who were slightly overweight and, on average, men drank cola five times a week while women drank it four times a week."，可以看出這些參與者大部分曾經吸過煙，但不是全部；他們只適度喝酒，并不曾喝的太多，而他們都經常飲用可樂因此[A][B]都不正確；[D]是正確的，所以選[D]；[C]不正確，從比較后一段可以看出，可樂對這些人產生的影響并不相同。

2. [D]
文章比較后一段說，就性別而言，他們（研究者們）表示，更多的體力活動、飲食中含有更高的鈣、不同的荷爾蒙含量使男性可以免受可樂類飲料的負面影響，因此，我們可以推斷出，于男性相比，女性從事的體力活動相對要少、而飲食中含鈣量相對較低，因此選[D]。

3. [C]
根據該短語所屬的主句的意思，我們可以確定我們的選項。該句的主句是osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging. （骨質疏松癥是日益嚴重的，常常被錯誤地理解成是衰老的一個自然結果）。

4. [C]
文中第二段說"Diet cola had a similar affect on women's bone density."，因此[A]項表述正確；從第三段的話"osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging"我們可以看出大多數人認為骨質疏松是衰老的一個自然過程，因此[B]項表述也正確；從文章也可以看出[D]項表述也正確；[C]項表述不正確，文章比較后一段說"Researchers ruled out the possibility that cola replaces healthier beverages, such as milk, in the diet that might lead to lower bone density."，因此選[C]。

5. [C]
[A]的表述是錯的，從第一段可以看出經常飲用可樂會使年長的女性骨質中的礦物密度變低；第四段提到the mechanism is still unclear,所以[B]不符合文中給出的信息；[C]是正確的，文章第二段有說到。[D]選項的表述也是不正確的，因為盡管經常飲用可樂不會像影響女性那樣、嚴重的影響男性的鈣的吸收，但是它依然影響是有的。所以選[A]。