21.in the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[a] posing a contrast.
[b] justifying an assumption.
[c] making a comparison.
[d] explaining a phenomenon.
[剖析] 這是一道主旨題,難度很大。難度系數(shù)為0.246(即只有24.6%的考生答對(duì)此題)。問(wèn)題是“作者一段引出主題的方式”是什么,這等于問(wèn)一段的寫(xiě)作方法和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。一段先給出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象:一個(gè)人了解到懶散的(slack)同事比自己得到的加薪更多時(shí),會(huì)大發(fā)雷霆(outraged),而且一般人認(rèn)為只有人對(duì)于這種不公平待遇有怨恨感(sense of grievance)。作者接著指出一個(gè)研究表明猴子也有這種心理(it is all too monkey, as well)。由此可見(jiàn)作者通過(guò)人和猴子的類比引出文章的主題。c“比較(人和猴子)二者的相似之處”符合此意,為正確答案。a“提出一個(gè)對(duì)比”與作者的寫(xiě)作方法相反。b“證明一個(gè)假設(shè)合理”和d“解釋一個(gè)現(xiàn)象”都與作者在一段運(yùn)用的寫(xiě)作方法不符,所以都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
22.the statement it is all too monkey (last line, paragraph 1) implies that
[a] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[b] resenting unfairness is also monkeys'' nature.
[c] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[d] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
[剖析] 這是一道句子理解題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)一段末句:但是一個(gè)研究表明這種情感(指上文所說(shuō)的sense of grievance——不平感)也是“猴之常情”(it is all too monkey)。作者在文章開(kāi)始指出人對(duì)不公平待遇有委屈感,接著指出猴子也具有這種感覺(jué)。b“怨恨不公平也是猴子的本性”符合此意,為正確答案。a“猴子對(duì)于懶散的對(duì)手也會(huì)狂怒”只是說(shuō)到了表面現(xiàn)象,并未指出與人的類比所揭示的更深的道理——這也是猴子的本性。c“猴子像人一樣,也常常相互嫉妒”與原文不符,因?yàn)樵恼f(shuō)的是委屈感,而不是嫉妒這種心理。d選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾,因?yàn)槿艘灿羞@種感覺(jué)。本題較難,難度系數(shù)為0.368.
23.female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[a] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[b] attentive to researchers' instructions.
[c] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[d] more generous than their male companions.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“選用female capuchin monkeys做研究,比較有可能是因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂惺裁刺攸c(diǎn)”。根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞female capuchin monkeys定位原文二段,二段描述了female capuchin monkeys適合于做研究的特點(diǎn),其中二段末句指出了它們比較重要的特點(diǎn):比較重要的是,它們像人類的雌性一樣,比雄性更仔細(xì)地關(guān)注“產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)”的價(jià)值。a“更傾向于權(quán)衡它們所獲得的東西”符合此意,為正確答案。注意:a選項(xiàng)中的more inclined對(duì)應(yīng)二段末句中的tend to,weigh對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的pay attention to,what they get 對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的goods and services.c“外表和脾氣都很好”在二段中提過(guò),但不是female capuchin monkeys的主要特點(diǎn),與題意不符,所以是干擾選項(xiàng)。本題難度也較大,難度系數(shù)為0.383.
24.dr. brosnan and dr. de waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[a] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[b] can be taught to exchange things.
[c] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[d] are unhappy when separated from others.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“dr. brosnan和dr. de waal比較終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了猴子的什么特點(diǎn)”。eventually(比較終)這個(gè)詞提示這道題實(shí)際上是問(wèn)該研究的結(jié)論。本文三段和四段論述研究的具體內(nèi)容,末段總結(jié)了研究結(jié)論。c“猴子如果感覺(jué)被騙就不再合作”對(duì)應(yīng)末段第三句“只有當(dāng)每只猴子感覺(jué)沒(méi)有被騙時(shí),這類合作才有可能保持穩(wěn)定”,為正確答案。a選項(xiàng)和b選項(xiàng)都不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn),而是作者在四段陳述的事實(shí)。d選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有明確提到,更不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)。本題難度較小,難度系數(shù)為0.805(即有80.5%的考生答對(duì)此題)。
25.what can we infer from the last paragraph?
[a] monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[b] human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[c] animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[d] cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
[剖析] 這是一道推理題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)末段。針對(duì)文章一段提出的猴子也有公平感(sense of fairness)這一點(diǎn),作者在中間三段以實(shí)驗(yàn)加以證明,末段指出這種公平感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。末段比較后一句指出這種公平感的進(jìn)化過(guò)程尚未確定(an unanswered question)。b“人類的義憤感(indignation)的進(jìn)化來(lái)源不確定”符合此意,為正確答案。注意:b選項(xiàng)中的indignation(義憤感)對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的sense of fairness(公平感),uncertain source對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的unanswered question.a“可以訓(xùn)練猴子培養(yǎng)社會(huì)情感”與原文不符,因?yàn)樵哪┒沃赋龊镒拥纳鐣?huì)情感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。c選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有提到。d“猴子之間的合作只有在野外時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定”與原文不符,因?yàn)槟┒蔚谌涿鞔_指出猴子之間的合作只有在感覺(jué)受到公平對(duì)待時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定。本題難度一般,難度系數(shù)為0.584.
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