6選5論點(diǎn)找論據(jù)

　　6選5論點(diǎn)找論據(jù)，主要考查的是考生對(duì)文章段落內(nèi)部分論點(diǎn)與支持該分論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)的匹配。在很大程度上反映出考生寫(xiě)議論文的水平。

　　一、怎么考

　　（1）大綱規(guī)定

　　在一篇長(zhǎng)度約500詞的文章后有6段文字。這些文字分別是對(duì)文章中某一部分的闡述或舉例。要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從這6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出比較恰當(dāng)?shù)?段文字填入文章的空白處。

　�。�2）命題形式

　　這個(gè)題型主要的形式就是文章中給出五個(gè)論點(diǎn)，文章末尾有六個(gè)選項(xiàng)，其中五個(gè)是用來(lái)分別闡述這五個(gè)論點(diǎn)的，要求將選項(xiàng)與原文論點(diǎn)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。需要說(shuō)明的是，選項(xiàng)并不一定都是具體的事例，也可能是進(jìn)一步的闡釋和說(shuō)明。樣題中只是給出其中一種可能性，本書(shū)的練習(xí)題將列出各種可能出現(xiàn)的形式供考生參考。

　　二、怎么學(xué)

　�。�1）參透用意，依題施法：認(rèn)真閱讀2006年綱和考試分析里有關(guān)本題型的相關(guān)規(guī)定，仔細(xì)分析、反復(fù)研究考試分析里的樣題，從樣題的分析中去尋找和探究命題者的心態(tài)，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)解答此類題型的方法。

　　考試分析指出，這一題型主要是考查考生把握論點(diǎn)論據(jù)一致性的能力。如樣題所示，該題型要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找到能支持相應(yīng)論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。這就要求考生理解各個(gè)論點(diǎn)的重點(diǎn)和含義，并能找出與論點(diǎn)一致的依據(jù)。

　　從分析中可以看出，命題組出這樣的題，目的在于考察考生的演繹能力，就是給出論點(diǎn)，要求考生根據(jù)論點(diǎn)拓展開(kāi)來(lái)，或是找出可以說(shuō)明該論點(diǎn)的例子（如考試樣題），或是找出進(jìn)一步的闡釋和論證。重要的一點(diǎn)就是要明確這些論據(jù)是從原文中抽出來(lái)的，論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)是一體的，要始終保持語(yǔ)段的一致性。論據(jù)是為論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的，論據(jù)不僅要和論點(diǎn)相關(guān)，而且還要可以證明論點(diǎn)。命題組會(huì)給出六個(gè)備選答案，其中多余的那個(gè)也肯定與本文中的小論點(diǎn)有關(guān)。一定要提高警惕，這些和論點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)關(guān)系但并不能說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)的，只是一些“假朋友”，注意要抵制他們的“誘惑”。而除去這個(gè)假朋友以外的五個(gè)選項(xiàng)，也會(huì)因其敘述的內(nèi)容相關(guān)聯(lián)而容易被混淆，要始終清醒地明確只相關(guān)不行，必須要能說(shuō)明這個(gè)論點(diǎn)。

　　從考試分析中樣題的具體分析可以看出，命題者十分注意考查考生對(duì)文章的整體把握能力，提醒考生注意不能直接根據(jù)小標(biāo)題（即論點(diǎn)）來(lái)找論據(jù)，而是要結(jié)合正文理解來(lái)進(jìn)行選擇。因此，考生不能過(guò)于投機(jī)取巧，起碼要做到通讀全文，然后再回到論點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行選擇。要記住，不能過(guò)于貿(mào)然。

　�。�2）依法練習(xí)，尋求突破：論據(jù)題，實(shí)際上就是根據(jù)文章中已經(jīng)明示的論點(diǎn)從選項(xiàng)中尋找支持該論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。在做練習(xí)時(shí)，一定要明確本題的主旨是考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)段一致性的把握，要始終在“一致”這個(gè)大原則下做題，逐漸熟悉這種題型的解題思路和方法。只有通過(guò)大量的做題，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的思路，才能找到“感覺(jué)”。

　　三、怎么解

　　這類題目主要是考查考生區(qū)分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)，把握論點(diǎn)論據(jù)一致性的能力。

　�。�1）解題步驟

　　A.第一步，閱讀六個(gè)選項(xiàng)，在每個(gè)選項(xiàng)下方標(biāo)注該選項(xiàng)的中文意思的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，做到解題前就已經(jīng)心中有數(shù)，對(duì)備選的幾個(gè)論據(jù)有個(gè)大概把握。對(duì)于談?wù)撓嗨浦黧w的選項(xiàng)，需區(qū)別內(nèi)容的相同處和不同處，并牢記體現(xiàn)不同處的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。

　　B.第二步，通讀全文，精讀標(biāo)題以及解釋標(biāo)題的文字，在閱讀標(biāo)題及其解釋性文字的同時(shí)應(yīng)該將后面的論據(jù)逐一與選項(xiàng)相對(duì)照。

　　C.第三步，再次將選項(xiàng)與文中已選擇的標(biāo)題進(jìn)行比較，檢查它們是否是一致的。

　　（2）解題技巧

　　A.“排除原則”：解題時(shí)要使用排除法逐一縮小可供選擇的范圍。

　　B.“黑體原則”：始終要抓住黑體字以及其解釋，根據(jù)黑體字以及其解釋一定可以選出答案。

　　四、大綱樣題（Sample Three）

　　Directions：

　　You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading （41-45）。There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

　　The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume—descriptive， fun to read， unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

　　It's handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists， preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

　　What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

　　41. Put yourself first：

　　In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm， you have to feel important about yourself.

　　42. Sell what you can do， not who you are：

　　Practice translating your personality traits， character， accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.

　　Toot your own horn！

　　Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all！ But everyone does， and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.

　　43.Be specific， be concrete， and be brief！

　　Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”

　　44.Turn bad news into good：

　　Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours， look for the positive side.

　　45.Never apologize：

　　If you've returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent， simply write a short paragraph（summary of background）in place of a chronology of experience. Don't apologize for working as being a mother； it's the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education， just don’t mention education.

　　The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off， not  ecessarily consecutive， and simply write down every accomplishment in your life， on or off the job， that made you feel effective. Don't worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list， you will come closer to the meaning： identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns， give names to your cluster of accomplishments （leadership skills， budget management skills， child development skills etc.）Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more， and several weeks， before you've ready to show it to a stranger（friends are usually too kind）for a reaction. When you've satisfied， send it to a printer； a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work， worth doing right.

　　Isn't that the kind of person you'd want working for your？

　�。跘］A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote：“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”

　�。跙］One resume I received included the following：“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule， reconciled accounts weekly， and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results， specifies how she accomplished them， and mentions her reward—all in 34 words.

　�。跜］For example， if you have a flair for saving， managing and investing money， you have money management skills.

　　［D］An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”。

　　［E］One of my former colleagues， for example， wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred.

The result is， of course， the one that highlights skills and education background.

　�。跢］A woman once told me about a cash�瞗low crisis her employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her resume. She answered，“It wasn't important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”

　　［試題分析］

　　這是一篇如何寫(xiě)好個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷的文章。

　　首先，我們要通讀全文，了解大意。作者在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)了這么一點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)歷應(yīng)該要引起招聘者的興趣，應(yīng)該是有趣的，具有個(gè)性的，同時(shí)又能與招聘要求吻合的。在文章中，作者給出了寫(xiě)簡(jiǎn)歷時(shí)的一些訣竅，每個(gè)訣竅都提煉出一個(gè)小標(biāo)題，給出解釋和舉例�？忌鷳�(yīng)該明確一點(diǎn)，這些小標(biāo)題不一定等同于論點(diǎn)或段落總結(jié)句。小標(biāo)題一般都較短，只看小標(biāo)題不參考其解釋，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)“只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林”的現(xiàn)象，很容易出現(xiàn)偏頗。因此，考生碰到這種情況時(shí)，一定要保持冷靜，不要急于求成，而是應(yīng)該結(jié)合正文理解觀點(diǎn)的含義，然后再結(jié)合小標(biāo)題提煉出論點(diǎn)，比較后再去和選項(xiàng)結(jié)合。

　　第一點(diǎn)，“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己置于第一位。什么意思呢？下面的句子進(jìn)行了解釋，“要想讓自己的簡(jiǎn)歷使人讀起來(lái)富有激情，那么你首先要對(duì)自己有自信”。再看選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)例子能進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)呢？從選項(xiàng)中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些例子是成功的例子，有些是不成功的例子。那么就有可能從正反兩方面舉例了，［F］就是一個(gè)反例，證明了第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。作者通過(guò)例子說(shuō)明，不要認(rèn)為自己做過(guò)的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人別人又怎么會(huì)重視呢？

　　第二點(diǎn)，“Sell what you can do，not who you are ”。字面意思是給別人展示你能干什么，而不是你是什么樣的人。要強(qiáng)調(diào)能力而不是性格。下面的解釋是這樣的：“要學(xué)會(huì)把自己的個(gè)性和成就轉(zhuǎn)變限制到某個(gè)具體技能領(lǐng)域中，世界上有至少5000種技能領(lǐng)域”（意思是，這么多技能中，總有一種和你自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合）。再帶著這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看后面的選項(xiàng)，文后的例子中［C］項(xiàng)是這么說(shuō)的：“例如，如果你有節(jié)約、投資、管理錢財(cái)?shù)奶旆郑�那么你擁有理�?cái)?shù)哪芰��！边@就是把一般的個(gè)性特征和相關(guān)的技能領(lǐng)域結(jié)合起來(lái)的例子。

　　第三點(diǎn)，“Be specific，be concrete，and be brief！”意思就是說(shuō)要簡(jiǎn)潔、具體�？梢酝茢�，相關(guān)的例子應(yīng)該是表現(xiàn)出簡(jiǎn)歷具體、簡(jiǎn)潔的一面。哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)呢？［B］項(xiàng)描寫(xiě)一位女士?jī)H用了 34個(gè)詞就把重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明白了，這反映的是簡(jiǎn)潔這一特色。

　　第四點(diǎn)，“Turn bad news into good”字面意思是將壞消息變成好消息。下面解釋道：“每個(gè)人在工作中總有不盡如人意的地方。如果要提到這些事，那么從積極、正面的角度去看�！笨梢钥闯�，這點(diǎn)就是要讓?xiě)?yīng)聘者把自己不利的方面換一種表達(dá)方式，變不利為有利。［A］選項(xiàng)描述了一個(gè)女助教因?yàn)檎�府縮減資金而被解雇，這本來(lái)是工作經(jīng)歷中不太好的一面，但是這位女士談起此事時(shí)提到這么一句，“校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)了，如果政府的資金夠的話，她第一個(gè)重聘的就是我”，從而變不利為有利，使人看到她的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

　　第五點(diǎn)，“Never apologize”字面意思是不要道歉。下面的文字舉例說(shuō)明了，不要為自己的弱勢(shì)感到自卑，要看到弱勢(shì)中的發(fā)光點(diǎn)；也不要提及嚴(yán)重影響求職的方面，可以適當(dāng)避諱。個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷不是進(jìn)行道歉的地方。［D］項(xiàng)以一個(gè)失敗的例子說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)：作者的一位朋友在簡(jiǎn)歷中寫(xiě)了“好學(xué)，但教育程度不高”，這點(diǎn)正好和解釋中的一點(diǎn)吻合：“如果你沒(méi)有接受過(guò)專業(yè)訓(xùn)練或高等教育，就不要提及教育這個(gè)方面�！�

　�。鄞鸢福�41.F 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D