高二英語知識點梳理：英語泛指與特指的轉換與活用
許多國家在基礎教育發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中，都把英語教育作為公民素質教育的重要組成部分，并將其擺在突出的地位。育路小編準備了高二英語知識點梳理，希望你喜歡。
泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一組概念，在英語中廣泛使用。“泛指”是指普遍、不確定的人或事物，而“特指”則是指具體、特定的人或事物。在實踐中，這兩個概念是可以靈活運用且相互轉換的。下面分幾個方面談談：
一、“泛指”與“特指”的多種表達
說起“泛指”，我們馬上想起不定冠詞(a/an)，其實不帶冠詞的不可數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞都可以表“泛指”， 有些表“不定”概念的限定詞(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充當這個作用。例如：
I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.
I will stay there for a few days/another few days.
“特指”經(jīng)常由定冠詞(the)或表“特定”概念的限定詞(物主代詞，指示代詞，名詞所有格等)來充當。假如將“中國的第二大河流”說成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥當?shù)模?因為China’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重復的。“那個門破了的教室”既可以譯成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以說成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”，因為 “door” 前應該有個表“特指”的限定詞。同樣，“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一場合會變成“with the help of/ take the place of”。
在表達“倍數(shù)”時，我們常常看到這樣一個公式：“倍數(shù) + the + 名詞(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改為“倍數(shù) + 表特指的名詞/代詞”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了：
① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)
�、� I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定語從句)
�、� You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)
二、“泛指”與“特指”的轉化
“泛指”與“特指”在不同的語境中并非一成不變，它們是可以轉換的。
(一)“泛指”轉化為“特指”
1.① I spent many happy hours with them.
② This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them.
2.① I bought a few books in the bookstore.
�、� The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English .
3. ① I don’t feel like drinking water.
�、� I don’t feel like drinking the water from this well.
4.① Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution.
�、� The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
5.① I have done a little to help you.
�、� I hope the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use to you.
以上的②句中的劃線部分都是由于有一個定語限定而轉化為“特指”。
另外，在一些限定詞的后面只能接泛指的名詞，如：a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而，有些卻可以增加一個 “of”，便只能后接特指的成分：
后接表“泛指”的名詞 后接表“特指”的名詞/代詞
some (students) some of (the students) a good many (people) a good many of (the people)
most most of (us) a dozen a dozen of (these apples) five hundred five hundred of (them)
(二)“特指”轉化為“泛指”
1.When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 當宇宙飛船在上空運行時，一個全新的地球出現(xiàn)在我們面前，以往我們都不曾看過。
2.It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.(2004福建卷)
3.It’s really fun to walk alone with a full moon hanging in the sky.
4.Having been overseas for half a century, he returned and found himself in a brand-new China.
本來“the earth/ the world/ the moon/ China”都是特指的，但是，如果增加一些修飾成分之后，指不同時期、不同角度看到的或不同形狀的“地球、世界、月亮、中國”的話，它們就轉化為泛指了。
5.I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one. (2005高考山東卷)
John Lennon是一個著名歌手，當然是特指。句中的a John Lennon= another person whose name happened to be John Lennon, 是泛指。
6.① He, who led the USA through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.C.
�、� He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長城非好漢。
第一個He=Abraham Lincoln，是特指，要用非限制性定語從句;第二個He= anyone，是泛指;。
7.①—What new subjects are you going to have in the second grade?(特指)
—I’m going to learn a second foreign language.(表“又一”，泛指。)
�、� No one can have a higher IQ (=an IQ which is even higher) than the taller of the twin brothers.
�、� The most diligent student in our class have a most(=very)interesting book.
一般情況下，在比較級、最高級、序數(shù)詞中用 “a/an”表“泛指”，用 “the”表“特指”。
高二英語知識點梳理就為大家介紹到這里，希望對你有所幫助。
(責任編輯：彭海芝)
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