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英國(guó)文化知識(shí)：The Shaping of the Nation英國(guó)的形成

2016-10-19 09:11:40 來源：學(xué)習(xí)啦

 　　The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)

　　英國(guó)的形成(公元1066-1381)

　　I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)

　　諾曼統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1381)

　　威廉一世的統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1087)

　　Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

　　在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國(guó)的封建制度得到完全確立。

　　According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

　　根據(jù)此制度，國(guó)王擁有全國(guó)所有土地。威廉把英國(guó)的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對(duì)方服役和收租。這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國(guó)王。已成為國(guó)王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。在封建等級(jí)底層的是農(nóng)奴。英國(guó)封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國(guó)王。

　　(責(zé)任編輯：彭海芝)

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