第九節(jié)  基本句型13-1

　　英語(yǔ)的基本句型有五種：

　　1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞）。如：

　　My grandma can neither read nor write.

　　2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。如：

　　Morning exercises will do you a lot of good.

　　3.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。如：

　　In Beijing， the best season of the year is probably autumn.

　　4.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。如；

　　The professor gave us a speech yesterday.

　　5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：

　　Mary had her hair cut yesterday.

　　第十節(jié)  句子的分類(lèi)

　　一、按用途分類(lèi)

　　句子按用途分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。

　�。ㄒ唬╆愂鼍�

　　陳述句說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的看法。如：

　　She arrived quite early.

　　I dont see any point in making another speech on this problem.

　�。ǘ�）疑��(wèn)句

　　疑問(wèn)句分為一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。

　　1.一般疑問(wèn)句

　　一般疑問(wèn)句通常以助動(dòng)詞開(kāi)始，要求以yes 或no回答。如：

　　“Will you pass on a message to him？” “Yes， whats it？”

　　“Do you like sports？” “No， I prefer reading in my spare time. ”

　　2.特殊疑問(wèn)句

　　特殊疑問(wèn)句以疑問(wèn)代詞開(kāi)頭，后面通常接一般疑問(wèn)句，如果疑問(wèn)詞或其修飾的詞作句子的主語(yǔ)，后面應(yīng)用陳述句句序。如：

　　How much did she charge ？

　　Who is responsible for the accident？（be responsible for 為……負(fù)責(zé)）

　　“______ do you record the temperature in the lab？”

　　“Every two hours.”

　　A. How soon     B. How long      C. How often     D. How much（答案 C how often 表示頻率，how soon最快……，how long 一段延續(xù)的時(shí)間，how much 問(wèn)價(jià)錢(qián)）

　　3.選擇疑問(wèn)句

　　選擇疑問(wèn)句在結(jié)構(gòu)上類(lèi)似于一般疑問(wèn)句，選擇的兩部分由or連接起來(lái)。如：

　　Do you prefer coffee or tea？ -Either will do.

　　Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou？-Im from Suzhou.

　　4.反意疑問(wèn)句

　　反意疑問(wèn)句由兩部分組成，前一部分用陳述句的形式，后一部分是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句。如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，兩部分主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。如：

　　You are going out today， arent you？

　　We cant take the books out， can we？

　　當(dāng)反意疑問(wèn)句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no， nothing， never， hardly， seldom等詞時(shí)，回答時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。事實(shí)上肯定的用yes，事實(shí)上否定的用no.

　　You wont be away for long， will you？-No， Ill be back in ten minutes.

　　He is hardly ten， is he？-Yes， he is ten.

　　You havent any objection to the idea， have you？-No， I havent.（objection to 反對(duì)，to是介詞）

　　They have no classes tomorrow， have they？-No， they havent.

　　日常用語(yǔ)中有些反意疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成與上述不同，有其獨(dú)特的方式。如：

　　Have a cup of tea， will you？

　　Lets meet at the station， shall we？

　　What a lovely day， isnt it？

　　4.反意疑問(wèn)句

　　1. You never told us his phone number， _______？

　　A. hadnt you     B. didnt you     C. had you       D. did you

　　答案 D

　　2. I dont think youve heard of him before， ________？

　　A. dont I      B. do I       C. have you        D. havent you

　　答案 C

　　3. Mountains can be very dangerous， ________？

　　A. cant they    B. arent they    C. dont they    C. wont they

　　答案 A

　　4. “Jill has a toothache.”

　　“Its been hurting her for quite a while， _______？”

　　A. isnt it    B. doesnt it      C. wasnt it          D. hasnt it

　　答案 D

　　5. Beginners have to learn from their mistakes， _______ they？

　　A. havent       B. mustnt       C. dont          D. arent

　　learn from 從……學(xué)到

　　答案 C

　　6. “Its awfully cold this morning.”

　　“Yes， but its not colder than it was yesterday， _______ it？”

　　A. wasnt       B. isnt      C. is         D. was

　　答案 C

　　7. Lets try a bit harder， _______？

　　A. will we     B. shall we       C. do we         D. are we

　　答案 B

　�。ㄈ�）祈使��

　　祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、叮囑、號(hào)召等，主語(yǔ)一般是you，在句子中省略，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，否定一般在謂語(yǔ)前加dont .如：

　　Lets not waste time arguing about it. （waste time doing）

　　Be sure to come here before nine.

　　Dont do that again.

　　Dont hesitatie to turn to me if you are in trouble. （turn to sb.向某人求助）

　　（四）感嘆句

　　感嘆句表示說(shuō)話人的驚異、喜悅、氣憤等情緒，一般由what或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞或副詞。What + n.； How+ adj. 如：

　　What good news it is！

　　How good the news is！

　　What silly questions you asked！

　　How silly the questions you asked！

　　What a bad memory Ive got！ I even forgot to bring the book with me.

　　How bad the memory Ive got！

　　Look！ _______ lovely day it is ！

　　A. What       B. How         C. What a       D. How a

　�。ù鸢� C）

　　句法部分的一個(gè)重要考核點(diǎn)是反意疑問(wèn)句。其提問(wèn)部分的助動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)（往往是代詞）應(yīng)該與前半句一致，回答部分前后應(yīng)保持一致。如：

　　1.Your name is Mary， _______？

　　A. arent you      B. is it        C. isnt it         D. are you

　�。ù鸢� C）

　　2.John studies in a state university， _________ he？

　　A. do not       B. does        C. doesnt         D. do

　�。ù鸢� C）

　　3.“She wasnt in when her husband came， was she？”

　　“______， but she returned a few minutes later.”

　　A. No， she was          B. No， she wasnt

　　C. Yes， she was          D. Yes， she wasnt

　�。ù鸢� B）

　　此外，考生應(yīng)注意句型lets … ，其后面往往用shall we 提問(wèn)。如：

　　Lets do the cleaning right after class， _____？

　　A. will you   B. shall we         C. do you         D. can we

　�。ù鸢� B）

　　另一類(lèi)需引起注意的句子是感嘆句。感嘆句的引導(dǎo)詞是what（修飾名詞）或how（修飾形容詞、副詞），考生應(yīng)特別注意what修飾的名詞，看它是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，若是單數(shù)，前面往往需加不定冠詞。

　　1._______ wonderful birthday I am having！

　　A. What      B. What a         C. How         D. How much

　　答案 B

　　2.________ lovely weather we have been having these days！

　　A. How          B. What      C. How a          D. What a

　　答案 B

　　3.How lovely they are！

　　二、按結(jié)構(gòu)分類(lèi)

　　考試大綱要求：

　　句子按結(jié)構(gòu)分類(lèi)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

　　（一）簡(jiǎn)單句

　　只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子各個(gè)成分都由單詞或短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子叫做簡(jiǎn)單句。如：

　　Im going to the Great Wall tomorrow.

　�。ǘ�）并列��

　　包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互不依從的簡(jiǎn)單句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗號(hào)、分號(hào)或并列連詞連接起來(lái)。如：

　　Id like to travel in the holidays， but my wife insists on going to her parents home.

　　There was no news； nevertheless， he went on hoping.（go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事）

　　（三）復(fù)合句

　　大綱要求：

　�。�1）主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成及其常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞；

　�。�2）定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)、構(gòu)成及常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞；

　�。�3）狀語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)及其常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。

　　它指的是包含兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中至少有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某個(gè)成份。比如當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等，這個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)就稱(chēng)為從句，所有從句都要用陳述句句序。

　　1.主語(yǔ)從句

　　主語(yǔ)不是一個(gè)詞而是一個(gè)句子，它因?yàn)橛羞@個(gè)主句了，所以主語(yǔ)這個(gè)句子叫從句。主語(yǔ)從句可以位于句首，也可以位于句子的尾部，而在句首一般用it做它的形式主語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)連有that和whether

　　這兩個(gè)都是不能省略的。

　　What she did is not yet know.

　　It is certain that we shell be late.

　　It is curt to him that he had forgot to buy the book.

　　How the prisoner is escape is a complete secret.

　　1. ______ at the meeting yesterday is of great importance to the development of our business.

　　A. That we discussed                B. What we discussed

　　C. How did we discuss               D. What did we discuss

　　答案 B

　�。╞e of importance= be important）

　　2. _______ you say now cant make up for what youve done.

　　A. No matter    B. Whatever       C. However     D. That

　　make up for 為……補(bǔ)償

　　答案 B

　　3. _______ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.

　　A. That       B. Which        C. Who          D. What

　　答案 D

　　4. _______ you do， do it well.

　　A. What        B. Which      C. That         D. Whatever

　　which不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。

　　whatever=no matter what

　　答案 D

　　5. __________ the prisoner escaped is a mystery.

　　A. What       B. How         C. That         D. Which

　　引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是that，whether和疑問(wèn)詞。

　　答案 B

　　2.賓語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與主語(yǔ)從句基本相同。關(guān)聯(lián)詞that一般可以省略，whether一般可與if（“是否”）互換。賓語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)也可以放在句子的后部，而在前面用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句還可以接在介詞后面。

　　They told us again that the situation was serious.

　　I doubt whether he will come.

　　I dont know if you could help me tomorrow.

　　We all thought it a pity that you had failed the exam.

　　1. The photos will show you _______.

　　A. what does the house look like      B. what the house looks like

　　C. how does the house look like       D. how the house looks like

　　答案 B

　　2. I hope ______ my letter.

　　A. her to answer              B. that she should answer

　　C. that she will answer         D. her answering

　　hope to do sth.

　　hope+that從句。將來(lái)時(shí)用will.

　　She hopes to work in this company.

　　答案 C

　　3. These apples are very expensive. Do you know _______？

　　A. how do they cost          B. how many do they cost

　　C. how much do they cost     D. how much they cost

　　答案 D

　　4. The story of Jonar implies _________ love can not be separated from responsibility.

　　A. how       B. if          C. that            D. whether

　　答案 C

　　separate from 和……分開(kāi)

　　5. He wondered ________.

　　A. what will be his wifes reaction     B. what would his wifes reaction be    C. what his wifes reaction would be    D. how would be his wifes reaction

　　答案 C

　　6. The fat lady asked Alex _______ he wanted something to eat.

　　A. what      B. if        C. that         D. which

　　答案 B

　　7. The teacher asked me ________.

　　A. whether or not I had finished my work   B. did I finish my work or not   C. is my work finished or not          D. if or not I have finished my work

　　答案 A

　　whether or not

　　8. Although I expected something different， I was still surprised by _______ he said.

　　A. what     B. which         C. that        D. how

　　答案 A

　　修飾不定代詞的形容詞放在不定代詞后面。

　　人做主語(yǔ)surprise用過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)。

　　9. I dont know his address except ________ it was Leadenhall Street.

　　A. that        B. whether       C. what       D. where

　　答案 A

　　10. Mr. Lamb did not know _______ he should renew the lease （租約） or not.

　　A. what    B. whether       C. if         D. which

　　答案 B

　　3.表語(yǔ)從句

　　表語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句基本相同。如：

　　The problem is who we can get to replace her.

　　Thats why we had to put off the meeting.（put off：延期）

　　1. The reason why I didnt go to France was _______ a new job.

　　A. because I got             B. because of getting

　　C. due to                    D. that I got

　　due to sth./sb.： because of sth./sb. 由于某事物/某人

　　The teams success was largely due to her efforts. 該隊(duì)的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。

　　He was late due to the very heavy traffic.他遲到是因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D。

　　答案 D

　　2. He works too hard. That is _______ is wrong with him.

　　A. that which    B. the what     C. what       D. the thing what

　　答案 C

　　3. One reason why women live longer than men after retirement is ______ women can continue to do something they are used to doing.

　　A. because      B. for         C. since         D. that

　　be used to doing

　　答案 D

　　4.同位語(yǔ)從句

　　同位語(yǔ)從句常位于idea， fact， news， fear， belief， doubt， proof， evidence等名詞后面，對(duì)這些名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋。同位語(yǔ)從句大多由關(guān)聯(lián)詞that 引導(dǎo)（that不可以省略）。如：

　　The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

　　Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week？

　　There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job.

　　Where did you get the idea that the class would be cancelled？

　　So far there is no proof _______ spaceships from other planets do exist.

　　A. which      B. that        C. how         D. what

　　答案 B

　　5.定語(yǔ)從句

　　定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句子不可缺少的一部分，沒(méi)有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。

　　非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只對(duì)其修飾的部分作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與前面的部分隔開(kāi)。

　　5.定語(yǔ)從句

　　1）修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句

　　who  主語(yǔ)／賓語(yǔ)（口語(yǔ)中，可省略）

　　that  主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)（可省略，前面不能有介詞）

　　whom 賓語(yǔ)（前面沒(méi)有介詞時(shí)可省略）

　　whose 定語(yǔ)

　　Do you know the person to whom he is talking？

　　Do you know the person（whom/that） he is talking to？

　　He is the man （who/whom/that） you can rely on.

　　He is the man on whom you can rely.

　　Do you know the woman who（that） is watching TV？

　　Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.

　　The girls whose names were called stood up.

　　Here is the man （whom/that） youve been looking for.

　　He is a man on whom you can safely depend.

　　2）修飾物的定語(yǔ)從句

　　如果修飾的詞是物，而它在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，則可以用that和which.

　　如果修飾的詞是物，而它在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，則可以用that（可省略，前面不能有介詞）和which（前面沒(méi)有介詞時(shí)可省略）。

　　whose后接名詞做定語(yǔ)。

　　She wasnt on the train which /that arrived just now.

　　The dog which/that was lost has been found.

　　This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.

　　This is the question（that/which） weve had so much discussion about.

　　The novel （that/which） he recommended is worth reading.（be worth doing；值得做某事）

　　當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞是不定代詞，如anybody， nobody， nothing等，或是有only， very， 形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾的名詞時(shí)，從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞往往用that ， that作從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常被省略。

　　Is there anything （that ） I can do for you？

　　All（that） you have to do is to close the door and wait for him.

　　This is one of the easiest questions that do not need answering.

　　There is no one in the world who/that does not make a mistake.

　　定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞是不定代詞、only、very、形容詞最高級(jí)關(guān)聯(lián)詞用that，如果that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，則可以省略。

　　3）修飾時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的定語(yǔ)從句

　　修飾時(shí)間的用when，相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”，在句中做狀語(yǔ)。

　　修飾地點(diǎn)的用where，相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”，在句中做狀語(yǔ)。

　　修飾原因的一般情況下跟的都是reason，用why關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　He came last night when I was going to bed.

　　I know of a place where we can have lunch.

　　Shes going home where she can rest.

　　Do you know the reason why I left early？

　　Theres no reason why he should do so.

　　4）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句     非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中不能用關(guān)聯(lián)詞that.修飾人時(shí)用who， whose， whom； 修飾物時(shí)用which， whose；修飾地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間的名詞，且作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)分別用where， when.如：

　　Water， which is a clear liquid， has many uses.

　　Our guide， who is a Chinese ， is an excellent cook.

　　They will fly to Boston， where they can plan to stay for four days， and then go to New York.

　　He picked up the book， the cover of which had been torn.（tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎）

　　He is our English teacher， whose wife is a manager in a big firm.

　　非限定性定語(yǔ)從句還可以修飾整個(gè)句子，關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用which.

　　The activity was postponed， which was exactly what we wanted.

　　They have invited me to attend the party， which is very kind of them.

　　限定型定語(yǔ)從句，如果修飾物并做賓語(yǔ)，前面又有介詞，只能用which. 但是如果定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是不定代詞，或是only，very以及形容詞最高級(jí)，只能用that.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中修飾物只能用which，修飾人只能用who.如果非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)句子，關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用which.

　　as 也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，多和such連用。如：

　　Boy as he was， he was chosen king.

　　He was in such a fury as I have never seen.

　　Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.

　　1. August 15， 1999 was one of the greatest days in his life ______ he was accepted by a university.

　　A. while         B. that       C. which         D. when

　　答案 D

　　2. Our concert turned out to be a great success， _______ they had never expected.

　　A. what       B. that         C. when           D. which

　　答案 D

　　3. It was a cold winter night， and there wasnt anyone _______ the boy could turn to for help in the street.

　　A. that        B. which         C. whom            D. what

　　答案 A

　　turn to sb. 向某人求助

　　4. All _____ is a continuous supply of fuel.

　　A. what is needed                B. the thing needed

　　C. that is needed                D. for their needs

　　答案 C

　　5. Huang Hong， ________ father is a taxi driver， studies computer science in the U.S.

　　A. her        B. shes         C. whose           D. that

　　答案 C

　　6. Mr. Li is going to visit the university ________ he studied 25 years ago.

　　A. where       B. which        C. that         D. in where

　　答案 D 正確答案 in which

　　答案 A

　　7. She had three sons， all ________ became doctors.

　　A. of which      B. which      C. of whom         D. who

　　答案 C

　　8. The only thing _________ really matters to the children is how soon they can return home.

　　A. that         B. which         C. what           D. /

　　答案 A

　　9. “Do you know Tom？”

　　“I think so. Isnt he _______ smokes incessantly（不停地）？”

　　A. who       B. the man     C. the man who       D. the person which

　　答案 C

　　10. The seventeenth century was one ________ many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy.

　　A. in that       B. in which        C. whose        D. of

　　答案 B

　　11. English words are not always spelled ________.

　　A. the way they sound            B. the way they to sound

　　C. the way theyre sounding         D. as they are sounding

　　答案 A

　　12. Angel was the first girl ________ when you got here.

　　A. you talked to whom           B. you talked to

　　C. whom you talked             D. who talked you

　　A的正確答案為whom you talked to/to whom you talked to

　　答案 B

　　13. He arrived late， ________ was annoying.

　　A. what     B. that         C. which         D. whom

　　答案 C

　　14. She was extremely understanding， _______ helped to calm James down.

　　A. which    B. it          C. that          D. this

　　答案 A

　　15. Ive never dined with you， sir； and I see no reason ________.

　　A. how should I now            B. how I should now

　　C. why should I now             D. why I should now

　　答案 D

　　16. The letter _______ I mailed to my sister a month before Christmas has not yet reached her.

　　A. that       B. which        C. /        D. all of the above

　　答案 D

　　17. ________ is known to the world， Mark Twain was a great American writer.

　　A. That         B. Which        C. As        D. It

　　答案 C

　　6.狀語(yǔ)從句

　　狀語(yǔ)從句可以用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、行為方式、比較、讓步等。

　　1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

　　常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有when， whenever， before， after， while， as， once（一旦），until， （ever） since， as soon as等。時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)的情況通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：

　　When you cross a road， you must be careful.

　　It will not be long before we meet again.

　　She comes here every month since she was a child to see her grandmother.

　　As soon as I know it， Ill tell you.

　　2）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有 where 和 wherever.如：

　　Sit down wherever you like.

　　Put it where you found it.

　　3）條件狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if， unless， as / so long as（只要），in case（萬(wàn)一）等。如：

　　As/So long as we dont give up， we are bound to succeed.（be bound to do sth.  注定要做某事；give up 放棄）

　　In case I gorget， please remind me of that.（remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事）

　　If it snows tomorrow， we will stay at home.

　　I will do anything as long as it is interesting.

　　4）原因狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有because， as（由于，因?yàn)椋��?since（由于，既然），now that（既然），that等。

　　As I didnt know the way， I asked a policeman.

　　Since no one is against， well adopt the proposal.

　　Seeing that shes ill， shes unlikely to come.

　　Not that I dislike the work， but that I have no time.

　　4）原因狀語(yǔ)從句

　　because， as since， for 皆為“因?yàn)椤睍r(shí)的區(qū)別：

　　a.because 語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，用以回答why引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句。它可和強(qiáng)調(diào)詞only， just以及否定詞not連用，其所引導(dǎo)的從句常位于主句之后，只有強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)才置于主句之前。Because從句還可以用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，如It was because I wanted to see my mother that I went to Beijing last month.（It was…that/ It is …that）

　　b.As語(yǔ)氣較弱，較口語(yǔ)化，所表的原因比較明顯，或是已知的事實(shí)，所以不用強(qiáng)調(diào)。As從句之前不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)句和not， 也不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。As從句多置于主句之前。

　　c.Since 的語(yǔ)氣也比較弱，常表示對(duì)方已知的事實(shí)，往往相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“既然”。它和as 一樣，其前也不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞和not， 也不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　d.For 和上述三個(gè)從屬連詞不同，它是一個(gè)等立連詞，比較文氣。它有時(shí)可用來(lái)作附加說(shuō)明，We must get rid of carelessness， for it often leads to errors. 我們一定要克服粗枝大葉的毛病，因?yàn)檫@常導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。

　　5）目的狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有so that， in order that， for fear that（以免）， in case（以免）等。

　　Speak clearly so that they may understand you.

　　He spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.

　　Ive got the key in case we want to go inside.

　　6）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有so that， so…that， such…that等。such+名詞，so+形容詞，副詞。

　　Its such a good chance that we cant miss it.

　　He was so angry that he could not speak.

　　Everybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time.

　　7）方式狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞主要有as（正如）和as if， as though.

　　He looks as if hes tired.

　　I did just as you told me.

　　8）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞有though， although， as（雖然）， even if， even though， no matter， whatever， however等。

　　Though I am fond of music， I cant play any instrument.（be fond of 喜愛(ài)）

　　Although it is difficult， well do it.

　　Whatever you say， I dont believe you.

　　as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)， 句子需要倒裝。

　　Try as you may， you will never succeed.

　　Young as she is， she is already familiar with most of the stories.

　�。╞e familiar with 對(duì)……熟悉；be similar to 和……相似）

　　Old as I am， I can still climb the mountain.

　　9）比較狀語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞主要有than和as（像…一樣）。

　　I can walk faster than you can run.

　　He spent twice as much time on this picture as on that one.

　　He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.

　　1. If anybody ______ me while Im out， tell him Ill call him back later on.

　　A. phones       B. will phone      C. is phoning      D. phoned

　　答案 A

　　2. We must begin testing the instrument， no matter _______ difficult it is.

　　A. what       B. how        C. when          D. where

　　答案 B

　　3. Ill leave him a note ________ hell know where we are.

　　A. so that      B. that          C. in order        D. for

　　答案 A

　　4. ________ he worked all day， he couldnt finish the job.

　　A. Even      B. In case         C. Although      D. In spite of

　　in case 萬(wàn)一

　　in spite of 盡管，引導(dǎo)短語(yǔ)

　　答案 C

　　5. ________ to New York， her father has not heard from her.

　　A. Because she went             B. After she went

　　C. When she went               D. Since she went

　　答案 D

　　6. “Did you return Freds call？”

　　“I dont need to _______ Ill see him tomorrow.”

　　A though         B. because       C. otherwise      D. unless

　　答案 B

　　7. “My uncle comes in from Iran tonight.”

　　“How long has it been _______ you last saw him？”

　　A. since     B. as         C. while        D. when

　　答案 A

　　8. The size of the audience， _________ we had expected， was well over one thousand.

　　A. whom         B. as        C. who          D. that

　　well over 超過(guò)

　　答案 B

　　復(fù)合句部分除了應(yīng)注意根據(jù)句子意思的需要選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞外，還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　�。�1）所有的從句都要用陳述句的句序。如：

　　1.They want to know ________ do to help us.

　　A. what can they          B. what they can

　　C. how they can          D. how can they （答案 B）

　　2.Excuse me， sir. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station？

　�。�2）時(shí)間及條件狀語(yǔ)從句，even if 、even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。

　　1.We promise that we will meet again after we _______ our college education in three years time.

　　A. finish   B. will finish       C. have finished      D. will have finished （答案 A）

　　2.If Mary ________， tell her Ill call her back as soon as I return.

　　A. call        B. calls        C. called           D. is going to call

　　（答案 B）

　　3.Even if it __________ tomorrow， the sports meet will take place.

　　A. will rain     B. rains         C. rain          D. has rained

　　（take place 舉行；答案 B）

　�。�3）what和that 的區(qū)別

　　what可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，有其具體的含義。

　　that 可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句，在前四種從句中that 沒(méi)有任何具體的含義，也不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分，所以當(dāng)從句意義和結(jié)構(gòu)完整時(shí)，關(guān)聯(lián)詞往往選擇that.

　　1._______ we will do next is still under discussion.

　　A. That         B. When         C. Where        D. What

　�。ù鸢� D）

　　2.He found at last _______ he had been looking for.

　　A. that          B. what        C. where           D. which

　　（答案 B）

　　3.He was overcome by the fear _________ he had lung cancer.

　　A. which         B. what         C. that          D. of

　�。ù鸢� C）

　　4.The doctor insists that my brother give up smoking.

　　that 在定語(yǔ)從句中可以指代先行詞，表示人或物，作從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，但不能置于介詞之后。當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞，或有only， very， first或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)一般需用that.that不可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　1.I need a coat that / which is both warm and light in weight.

　　2.Is this the boy （whom / that） you were looking for？

　　3.At first the old man seemed unwilling to accept anything

　　_______was offered him by my friend and me.

　　A. that        B. which       C. what           D. it（答案 A）

　　4.This is the very factory _______ we visited for the first

　　time in 1996.

　　A. where         B. which       C. that           D. what（答案 C）

　　5.More and more young people like playing football， _______ is

　　an exciting game.（答案 B）

　　A. what         B. which        C. that           D. because

　　（4）when和where在定語(yǔ)從句中可以分別指代先行詞所表示的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，但在從句只能作狀語(yǔ)，往往可以與“介詞 +　which”結(jié)構(gòu)互換。

　　1.I still remember the place ______ our class once did some field work.（答案 C）

　　A. there       B. which         C. where            D. when

　　2.We visited the house where / in which Lu Xun lived in Shanghai.

　　3.I still remember the year ________ I first came to this beautiful city.（答案 D）

　　A. which        B. in which      C. when          D. Both B and C

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